Cited by 5,588Cancer Immunotherapy and BiomarkersImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesT-cell and B-cell Immunology

Primary, Adaptive, and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy

Open access
Sharma, Padmanee, Hu-Lieskovan, Siwen, Wargo, Jennifer A., Ribas, Antoni·2017·Cell

Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy can induce long lasting responses in patients with metastatic cancers of a wide range of histologies. Broadening the clinical applicability of these treatments requires an improved understanding of the mechanisms limiting cancer immunotherapy. The interactions between the immune system and cancer cells are continuous, dynamic, and evolving from the initial establishment of a cancer cell to the development of metastatic disease, which is dependent on immune evasion. As the molecular mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy are elucidated, actionable strategies to prevent or treat them may be derived to improve clinical outcomes for patients.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.017

Cites

187 of 187 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • The majority of patients do not respond to checkpoint therapies as a result of heightened immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment or inadequate non-self antigenic load within the tumor.

    “the majority of patients do not respond as a result of heightened immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment or inadequate non-self antigenic load within the tumor”

    From LXR/ApoE Activation Restricts Innate Immune Suppression in Cancer (2018) · cites this paper as Sharma et al., 2017

    The Introduction (p. 4) says most patients do not benefit from immunotherapy. The sections on primary and adaptive resistance (pp. 4, 6) identify absent tumor antigens and immunosuppressive components of the tumor microenvironment as causes of resistance. The paper does not establish that these two mechanisms account for nonresponse in the majority of patients; it describes other mechanisms as well. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Overcoming resistance to cancer immunotherapy remains a central challenge.

    “Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has transformed the treatment of advanced melanoma and other cancers, although overcoming resistance remains a central challenge 1,2 .”
  • CD4+ Treg cells suppress immune cells involved in tumor control and are linked to resistance in immunotherapies.

    “CD4+ Treg cells, which suppress immune cells involved in tumor control, are linked to resistance in immunotherapies.”
  • The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem comprised of multiple cell types that support the growth of tumor cells, facilitate tumor progression, and modulate therapeutic response to anti-cancer treatments.

    “The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem comprised of multiple cell types that support the growth of tumor cells, facilitate tumor progression, and modulate therapeutic response to anti-cancer treatments [29,99,100,120,121].”
  • CtDNA levels correlate strongly with tumor burden and progression.

    “CtDNA levels correlate strongly with tumor burden and progression (105, 106).”

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Beavis, P.A., Slaney, C.Y., Milenkovski, N., Henderson, M.A., Loi, S., Stagg, J., Kershaw, M.H., and Darcy, P.K. (2015). CD73: A potential biomarker for antiPD-1 therapy. OncoImmunology 4 , e1046675. http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0092-8674(1730065-X/sref6)
  2. Ehrlich, P. (1956). Collected Papers in Four Volumes Including A Complete Bibliography (Pergamon Press). http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0092-8674(1730065-X/sref41)
  3. Massague ´ , J. (2008). TGFbeta in Cancer. Cell 134 , 215-230. http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0092-8674(1730065-X/sref95)

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Authors
Sharma, P., Hu-Lieskovan, S., Wargo, J. A., & Ribas, A.
Affiliations
  • The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author
  • Sharma, Padmanee
  • Ribas, Antoni
Venue
Cell
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-02
Volume
168
Issue
4
Pages
707-723
ISSN
0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2587048937
Cited by
5,588
References
187
Citations by year
2026: 634 · 2025: 679 · 2024: 732 · 2023: 731 · 2022: 704 · 2021: 685 · 2020: 578 · 2019: 421 · 2018: 322 · 2017: 99 · 2015: 1
FWCI
41.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cell (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • NIH/NCI (R01 CA1633793, R35 CA197633, P01 CA168585)
  • Cancer Prevention Research in Texas (RP120108)
  • Cancer-Cancer Research Institute Cancer Immunology Dream Team Translational Research (SU2C-AACR-DT1012)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
Keywords
cancer immunotherapy, immunotherapy resistance, primary resistance, adaptive resistance, acquired resistance, immune evasion, tumor immune microenvironment, metastatic cancer, immune checkpoint inhibitors
MeSH terms
Animals, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms, T-Lymphocytes, Molecular Targeted Therapy

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