Cited by 783Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsTryptophan and brain disordersStress Responses and Cortisol

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 261 of the 261 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress

Open access

Woodburn, Samuel C., Bollinger, Justin L., Wohleb, Eric S.·2021·Journal of Neuroinflammation

DOI 10.1186/s12974-021-02309-6PMC PMC8571840

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Microglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of microglia in pathological contexts, however, immunological concepts from these studies have been applied to describe neuro-immune interactions in the absence of disease, injury, or infection. Indeed, terms such as 'microglia activation' or 'neuroinflammation' are used ubiquitously to describe changes in neuro-immune function in disparate contexts; particularly in stress research, where these terms prompt undue comparisons to pathological conditions. This creates a barrier for investigators new to neuro-immunology and ultimately hinders our understanding of stress effects on microglia. As more studies seek to understand the role of microglia in neurobiology and behavior, it is increasingly important to develop standard methods to study and define microglial phenotype and function. In this review, we summarize primary research on the role of microglia in pathological and physiological contexts. Further, we propose a framework to better describe changes in microglia1 phenotype and function in chronic stress. This approach will enable more precise characterization of microglia in different contexts, which should facilitate development of microglia-directed therapeutics in psychiatric and neurological disease.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s12974-021-02309-6

Cites

261 of 261 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Fig. 1 Phenotypic distinctions between homeostatic and “activated” microglia. Under typical conditions (A), microglia display a ramified morphology and a unique pattern of gene expression, making them identifiable through a number of different techniques. However, a variety of immunogenic stimuli can elicit dramatic morphological and functional changes in microglia. Immunologically activated microglia (B) possess an amoeboid morphology; marked by increased soma size and less ramified processes. Markers for microglia activation vary widely depending on the type and severity of insult, but surface proteins associated with classical immune functions (e.g., antigen presentation, phagocytosis) tend to be increased, while those associated with homeostasis may be reduced. Functions of activated microglia are also highly variable, with the same cells potentially driving tissue damage and repair processes simultaneously. Morphological features may not correspond to assumed functional roles. Nonetheless, classical immune functions of activated microglia include phagocytosing cellular debris, large increases in cytokine signaling, recruitment of peripheral immune cells to the parenchyma, and destroying infected or dying cellsCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 2 Contrast between neuroinflammation and parainflammation. Neuroinflammation (left) describes immune-driven pathology which occurs in the course of disease, injury, or infection in the brain. This tissue state can be identified by four common molecular and cellular hallmarks illustrated on the left. These are: (1) high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, (2a) microglia and (2b) peripheral macrophage activation, (3) infiltration of peripheral leukocytes (e.g., bone-derived monocytes, T cells) to the parenchyma, and tissue damage such as (4a) BBB breakdown and (4b) neuron death. Neuro-immune systems can also be engaged by homeostatic challenges (i.e., psychological stress), leading to an intermediate tissue state termed parainflammation (right). While a formal definition of parainflammation is yet to be widely accepted in neuroscience, neuro-immune interactions previously reported in parainflammatory contexts are shown on the right. These include: (1) microglial recruitment of bone-derived monocytes to the perivascular space, (2) changes in cytokine signaling between neurons and microglia, (3) microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling, and (4) diffusion of small signaling peptides across the BBBCC BY · PubMed Central

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Items 201–261 of 261

Synaptic and behavioral effects of chronic stress are linked to dynamic and sex-specific changes in microglia function and astrocyte dystrophy
Woodburn, S. C., Bollinger, J. L., & Wohleb, E. S. (2021) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100312 · Cited by 100
Self-citation
Differential microglial activation between acute stress and lipopolysaccharide treatment
Sugama, S., Takenouchi, T., Fujita, M., Conti, B., & Hashimoto, M. (2008) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.11.007 · Cited by 98
Rank Order Coding: a Retinal Information Decoding Strategy Revealed by Large-Scale Multielectrode Array Retinal Recordings
Portelli, G., Barrett, J. M., Hilgen, G., Masquelier, T., Maccione, A., Marco, S. D., Berdondini, L., Kornprobst, P., & Sernagor, E. (2016) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0134-15.2016 · Cited by 97
A murine model of inflammation-induced cerebral microbleeds
Sumbria, R. K., Grigoryan, M. M., Vasilevko, V., Krasieva, T. B., Scadeng, M., Dvornikova, A., Paganini‐Hill, A., Kim, R., Cribbs, D. H., & Fisher, M. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0693-5 · Cited by 97
Decoding microglia responses to psychosocial stress reveals blood-brain barrier breakdown that may drive stress susceptibility
Lehmann, M. L., Weigel, T. K., Cooper, H. A., Elkahloun, A. G., Kigar, S. L., & Herkenham, M. A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28737-8 · Cited by 97
Activated microglia do not increase 18 kDa translocator protein ( TSPO ) expression in the multiple sclerosis brain
Nutma, E., Gebro, E., Marzin, M. C., van der Valk, P., Matthews, P. M., Owen, D. R., & Amor, S. (2021) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.24052 · Cited by 95
Single-cell mass cytometry of microglia in major depressive disorder reveals a non-inflammatory phenotype with increased homeostatic marker expression
Böttcher, C., Fernández‐Zapata, C., Snijders, G. J. L., Schlickeiser, S., Sneeboer, M. A. M., Kunkel, D., de Witte, L. D., & Priller, J. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00992-2 · Cited by 92
Partial reduction of microglia does not affect tau pathology in aged mice
Bennett, R. E., Bryant, A., Hu, M., Robbins, A. B., Hopp, S. C., & Hyman, B. T. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1348-5 · Cited by 91
Microglia depletion exacerbates demyelination and impairs remyelination in a neurotropic coronavirus infection
Sariol, A., Mackin, S., Allred, M.-G., Ma, C., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Q., Zou, X., Abrahante, J. E., Meyerholz, D. K., & Perlman, S. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2007814117 · Cited by 91 · cited 1×
“This is consistent with other studies reporting greater demyelination at peak disease and less remyelination during recovery in mice lacking microglia [47, 49, 50].”
Result
Neurotoxicity of glia activated by gram-positive bacterial products depends on nitric oxide production
Kim, Y. S., & Täuber, M. G. (1996) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.64.8.3148-3153.1996 · Cited by 87
The Epilepsy of Infancy With Migrating Focal Seizures: Identification of de novo Mutations of the KCNT2 Gene That Exert Inhibitory Effects on the Corresponding Heteromeric KNa1.1/KNa1.2 Potassium Channel
Mao, X. O., Bruneau, N., Gao, Q., Becq, H., Jia, Z., Xi, H., Shu, L., Wang, H., Szepetowski, P., & Aniksztejn, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00001 · Cited by 86
LTP impairment by fractalkine/CX3CL1 in mouse hippocampus is mediated through the activity of adenosine receptor type 3 (A3R)
Maggi, L., Trettel, F., Scianni, M., Bertollini, C., Eusebi, F., Fredholm, B. B., & Limatola, C. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.07.016 · Cited by 84
Differential effects of homotypic vs. heterotypic chronic stress regimens on microglial activation in the prefrontal cortex
Kopp, B., Wick, D., & Herman, J. P. (2013) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.030 · Cited by 84
Fractalkine/CX3CL1 depresses central synaptic transmission in mouse hippocampal slices
Bertollini, C., Ragozzino, D., Gross, C. T., Limatola, C., & Eusebi, F. (2006) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.05.027 · Cited by 82
CSF1R Stimulation Promotes Increased Neuroprotection by CD11c+ Microglia in EAE
Wlodarczyk, A., Benmamar-Badel, A., Cédile, O., Jensen, K. N., Kramer, I., Elsborg, N. B., & Owens, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00523 · Cited by 81
Induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation increases the morphological dynamics of microglial processes and prolongs their contacts with dendritic spines
Pfeiffer, T., Avignone, E., & Nägerl, U. V. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep32422 · Cited by 79
Activation of microglial P2Y12 receptor is required for outward potassium currents in response to neuronal injury
Swiatkowski, P., Murugan, M., Eyo, U. B., Wāng, Y., Rangaraju, S., Oh, S. B., & Wu, L. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.008 · Cited by 75
Neuronal extracellular vesicle derived miR-98 prevents salvageable neurons from microglial phagocytosis in acute ischemic stroke
Yang, J., Cao, L.-L., Wang, X.-P., Guo, W., Guo, R.-B., Sun, Y.-Q., Xue, T.-F., Cai, Z.-Y., Ji, J., Cheng, H., et al. (2021) · Cell Death & Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-020-03310-2 · Cited by 73
TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and cinc-1 levels in rat brain after meningitis induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Barichello, T., dos Santos, I., Savi, G. D., Simões, L. R., Silvestre, T., Comim, C. M., Sachs, D., Teixeira, M. M., Teixeira, A. L., & Quevedo, J. (2010) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.02.009 · Cited by 72
Glucocorticoids, stress and exacerbation of excitotoxic neuron death
Sapolsky, R. M. (1994) · Seminars in Neuroscience · doi:10.1006/smns.1994.1041 · Cited by 72
Chronic corticosterone administration induces negative valence and impairs positive valence behaviors in mice
Dieterich, A., Srivastava, P., Sharif, A., Stech, K., Floeder, J. R., Yohn, S. E., & Samuels, B. A. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0674-4 · Cited by 72
Microglia influence host defense, disease, and repair following murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system
Mangale, V., Syage, A. R., Ekiz, H. A., Skinner, D. D., Cheng, Y., Stone, C. L., Brown, R. M., O'Connell, R. M., Green, K. N., & Lane, T. E. (2020) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23844 · Cited by 71
Impaired long term memory consolidation in transgenic mice overexpressing the human soluble form of IL-1ra in the brain
Spulber, S. D., Mateos, L., Oprica, M., Cedazo-Mı́nguez, Á., Bartfai, T., Winblad, B. G., & Schultzberg, M. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.01.010 · Cited by 70
Neonatal lipopolysaccharide exposure alters central cytokine responses to stress in adulthood in Wistar rats
Walker, A. K., Nakamura, T., & Hodgson, D. M. (2010) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2010.489977 · Cited by 69
Correction: Vitamin D promotes the cisplatin sensitivity of oral squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting LCN2-modulated NF-κB pathway activation through RPS3
Huang, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Q., Chen, R., Jin, T., Hu, K., Li, S., Wang, Y., et al. (2020) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-020-2389-0 · Cited by 69
Fine Tuning the Cytokine Storm by IFN and IL-10 Following Neurotropic Coronavirus Encephalomyelitis
Savarin, C., & Bergmann, C. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.03022 · Cited by 68
Plasma amino acids: screening, quantitation, and interpretation
Scriver, C. R., Clow, C., & Lamm, P. (1971) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/24.7.876 · Cited by 67
Peripheral Surgical Wounding and Age-Dependent Neuroinflammation in Mice
Xu, Z., Dong, Y., Wang, H., Culley, D. J., Marcantonio, E. R., Crosby, G. J., Tanzi, R. E., Zhang, Y., & Xie, Z. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096752 · Cited by 64
TMEM16F Aggravates Neuronal Loss by Mediating Microglial Phagocytosis of Neurons in a Rat Experimental Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Model
Zhang, Y., Li, H., Li, X., Wu, J., Xue, T., Wu, J., Shen, H., Li, X., Shen, M., & Chen, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01144 · Cited by 58
Morphological studies on neuroglia
Murabe, Y., & Sano, Y. (1983) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00217882 · Cited by 58
The GluN2A Subunit Regulates Neuronal NMDA receptor-Induced Microglia-Neuron Physical Interactions
Eyo, U. B., Bispo, A., Liu, J., Sabu, S., Wu, R., DiBona, V. L., Zheng, J., Murugan, M., Zhang, H., Tang, Y., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19205-4 · Cited by 57
Generalization of endothelial modelling of TSPO PET imaging: Considerations on tracer affinities
Rizzo, G., Veronese, M., Tonietto, M., Bodini, B., Stankoff, B., Wimberley, C., Lavisse, S., Bottlaender, M., Bloomfield, P. S., Howes, O. D., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x17742004 · Cited by 54
Susceptibility and resilience to chronic social defeat stress in adolescent male mice: No correlation between social avoidance and sucrose preference
Alves-dos-Santos, L., Resende, L. D. S., & Chiavegatto, S. (2020) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100221 · Cited by 54
The formative role of microglia in stress-induced synaptic deficits and associated behavioral consequences
Bollinger, J. L., & Wohleb, E. S. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134369 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid after meningitis induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae
Barichello, T., dos Santos, I., Savi, G. D., Florentino, A. F., Silvestre, C., Comim, C. M., Feier, G., Sachs, D., Teixeira, M. M., Teixeira, A. L., et al. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.039 · Cited by 50
Analysis of cerebrovascular dysfunction caused by chronic social defeat in mice
Lehmann, M. L., Poffenberger, C. N., Elkahloun, A. G., & Herkenham, M. A. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.030 · Cited by 49
Chronic social defeat-induced social avoidance as a proxy of stress resilience in mice involves conditioned learning
Ayash, S., Schmitt, U., & Müller, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.001 · Cited by 46
The chemokine CXCL16 modulates neurotransmitter release in hippocampal CA1 area
Castro, M. A. D., Trettel, F., Milior, G., Maggi, L., Ragozzino, D., & Limatola, C. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep34633 · Cited by 45
Diazepam limits microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling in the prefrontal cortex and associated behavioral consequences following chronic unpredictable stress
Bollinger, J. L., Horchar, M. J., & Wohleb, E. S. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-0720-1 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Social defeat-induced anhedonia: effects on operant sucrose-seeking behavior
Riga, D., Theijs, J. T., Vries, T. J. D., Smit, A. B., & Spijker, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00195 · Cited by 41
Chronic corticosterone shifts effort-related choice behavior in male mice
Dieterich, A., Stech, K., Srivastava, P., Lee, J., Sharif, A., & Samuels, B. A. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05521-z · Cited by 39
Microglia Are Essential to Protective Antiviral Immunity: Lessons From Mouse Models of Viral Encephalitis
Hatton, C. F., & Duncan, C. J. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02656 · Cited by 37
Pío del Río‐Hortega: The Revolution of Glia
Bereciartu, J. D. R. (2019) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.24266 · Cited by 34
Pathogen to commensal? Longitudinal within-host population dynamics, evolution, and adaptation during a chronic >16-year Burkholderia pseudomallei infection
Pearson, T., Sahl, J. W., Hepp, C. M., Handady, K., Hornstra, H., Vazquez, A. J., Settles, E. W., Mayo, M. J., Kaestli, M., Williamson, C. H. D., et al. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008298 · Cited by 34
Ifit2 deficiency restricts microglial activation and leukocyte migration following murine coronavirus (m-CoV) CNS infection
Sarma, J. D., Burrows, A. C., Rayman, P. A., Hwang, M., Kundu, S., Sharma, N., Bergmann, C. C., & Sen, G. C. (2020) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009034 · Cited by 34
Chronic stress alters the dendritic morphology of callosal neurons and the acute glutamate stress response in the rat medial prefrontal cortex
Luczynski, P., Moquin, L., & Gratton, A. P. (2015) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2015.1073256 · Cited by 33
The adaptor protein shc is involved in the negative regulation of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Galandrini, R., Tassi, I., Morrone, S., Lanfrancone, L., Pelicci, P. G., Piccoli, M., Frati, L., & Santoni, A. (2001) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200107)31:7 · Cited by 32
Stress induces microglia-associated synaptic circuit alterations in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
Liu, T., Lu, J., Łukasiewicz, K., Pan, B., & Zuo, Y. (2021) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100342 · Cited by 32
Molecular imaging of Alzheimer’s disease–related gamma-secretase in mice and nonhuman primates
Xu, Y., Wang, C., Wey, H., Liang, Y., Chen, Z., Choi, S. H., Ran, C., Rynearson, K. D., Bernales, D. R., Koegel, R. E., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20182266 · Cited by 31
Lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis-like state compromises post-ischemic neurological recovery, brain tissue survival and remodeling via mechanisms involving microvascular thrombosis and brain T cell infiltration
Sardari, M., Škuljec, J., Yin, D., Zec, K., de Carvalho, T. S., Albers, D., Wang, C., Pul, R., Popa‐Wagner, A., Doeppner, T. R., et al. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.015 · Cited by 30
Distinct Gene Profiles of Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages and Microglia During Neurotropic Coronavirus-Induced Demyelination
Savarin, C., Dutta, R., & Bergmann, C. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01325 · Cited by 26
Corrigendum: Quantifying overlap between the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and predicted bluefin tuna spawning habitat in the Gulf of Mexico
Hazen, E., Carlisle, A., Wilson, S., Ganong, J., Castleton, M., Schallert, R., Stokesbury, M., Bograd, S., & Block, B. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep36689 · Cited by 24
Uranium-series dating of insular phosphorite from Ebon atoll, Micronesia
Veeh, H. H., & Burnett, W. C. (1978) · Nature · doi:10.1038/274460a0 · Cited by 23
Fasting promotes acute hypoxic adaptation by suppressing mTOR-mediated pathways
Zhao, R., Zhao, X., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Yang, J., Jiang, S., Zhou, X., Jiao, B., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., et al. (2021) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-021-04351-x · Cited by 21
Erratum: Pure-quartic solitons
Blanco‐Redondo, A., de Sterke, C. M., Sipe, J. E., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms11048 · Cited by 17
Dissociation between the effects of interleukin-1 on excitotoxic brain damage and body temperature in the rat
Grundy, R. I., Rothwell, N. J., & Allan, S. M. (1999) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01377-3 · Cited by 16
History of Neuroscience I. Pío del Río-Hortega (1882–1945): The Discoverer of Microglia and Oligodendroglia
Boullerne, A. I., & Feinstein, D. L. (2020) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1177/1759091420953259 · Cited by 16
Development of Endotoxin Tolerance Does Not Influence the Response to a Challenge with the Mucosal Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in Humans In Vivo
Koch, R. M., Kox, M., Thijs, E. J. M., Rahamat-Langendoen, J. C., van de Veerdonk, F. L., Gerretsen, J., Schloesser, J. E. L., Diavatopoulos, D. A., Rimmelzwaan, G. F., Netea, M. G., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01600 · Cited by 15
Lipopolysaccharide Induces Subacute Cerebral Microhemorrhages with Involvement of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rats
Zeng, J., Zhào, H., Liu, Z., Zhang, W., & Huang, Y. (2018) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.02.044 · Cited by 11
Dogiel, V. A., Petrushevski, G. K., Polyanski, Yu. I.: Parasitology of Fishes. Translated by Z. KABATA. With 57 fig. – Edinburgh and London 1961: Oliver and Boyd Ltd. 384 p. 84 s
Caspers, H. (1962) · Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie · doi:10.1002/iroh.19620470121 · Cited by 6
Affluence boosted intelligence? How the interaction between cognition and environment may have produced an eighteenth-century Flynn effect during the Industrial Revolution
van der Linden, M. A., & Borsboom, D. (2019) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x19000190 · Cited by 3

Sorted by citations

The mechanism of microglia-mediated immune inflammation in ischemic stroke and the role of natural botanical components in regulating microglia: A review
Zeng, J., Bao, T., Yang, K., Zhu, X., Wang, S., Xiang, W., Ge, A., Zeng, L., & Ge, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1047550 · Cited by 175
The Human Microglia Atlas (HuMicA) unravels changes in disease-associated microglia subsets across neurodegenerative conditions
Martins-Ferreira, R., Calafell-Segura, J., Leal, B., Rodríguez-Ubreva, J., Martínez-Saez, E., Mereu, E., Pinho E Costa, P., Laguna, A., & Ballestar, E. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56124-1 · Cited by 123
Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals in Alzheimer’s Disease: Focus on Polyphenols and Monoterpenes
Piccialli, I., Tedeschi, V., Caputo, L., D’Errico, S., Ciccone, R., De Feo, V., Secondo, A., & Pannaccione, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.876614 · Cited by 73
Microbiota from healthy mice alleviates cognitive decline via reshaping the gut-brain metabolic axis in diabetic mice
Zhao, Q., Chen, J., Wu, M., Yin, X., Jiang, Q., Gao, H., & Zheng, H. (2023) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110638 · Cited by 49
Gut Microbiota Restores Central Neuropeptide Deficits in Germ-Free Mice
Hamamah, S., & Covasa, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911756 · Cited by 25

See all 783

Authors: Woodburn, S. C., Bollinger, J. L., & Wohleb, E. S.
Affiliations: University of Cincinnati (US)
Corresponding author: Wohleb, Eric S.
ORCID: Woodburn, Samuel C.
Bollinger, Justin L.
Wohleb, Eric S.
Venue: Journal of Neuroinflammation
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2021-11-06
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Pages: 258-258
ISSN: 1742-2094 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02309-6
PMC: PMC8571840
OpenAlex: W3211761706
Cited by: 783
References: 261
Citations by year: 2026: 138 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 204 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 1
FWCI: 11.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Journal of Neuroinflammation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: foundation for the national institutes of health (R21-MH120614, R01-MH-123545)
brain and behavior research foundation (NARSAD Young Investigator Grant, 25488)
college of medicine, university of cincinnati (University of Cincinnati Neurobiology Research Center Pilot Award)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: microglial activation, neuroinflammation, neuroimmune interactions, chronic stress, microglial phenotype, homeostasis, stress-related psychiatric disorders, terminology standardization
MeSH terms: Neuroinflammatory Diseases, Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Semantics, Stress, Physiological, Microglia

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Figures

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks