The Human Microglia Atlas (HuMicA) unravels changes in disease-associated microglia subsets across neurodegenerative conditions

Martins-Ferreira, Ricardo; Calafell-Segura, Josep; Leal, Bárbara; Rodríguez-Ubreva, Javier; Martínez-Saez, Elena; Mereu, Elisabetta; Pinho E Costa, Paulo; Laguna, Ariadna; Ballestar, Esteban

doi:10.1038/s41467-025-56124-1

Cited by 124Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsSingle-cell and spatial transcriptomicsMultiple Sclerosis Research Studies

The Human Microglia Atlas (HuMicA) unravels changes in disease-associated microglia subsets across neurodegenerative conditions

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Martins-Ferreira, Ricardo, Calafell-Segura, Josep, Leal, Bárbara, Rodríguez-Ubreva, Javier, Martínez-Saez, Elena, Mereu, Elisabetta, Pinho E Costa, Paulo, Laguna, Ariadna +1 more·2025·Nature Communications

DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-56124-1PMC PMC11739505

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Abstract

ABSTRACT Dysregulated microglia activation, leading to neuroinflammation, is crucial in neurodegenerative disease development and progression. The initial M1/M2 dual activation classification for microglia is outdated. Even the ‘disease-associated microglia’ (DAM) phenotype, firstly described in mice, falls short in representing the diverse microglia phenotypes in pathology. In this study, we have constructed a transcriptomic atlas of human brain immune cells by integrating single-nucleus (sn)RNA-seq datasets from multiple neurodegenerative conditions. Sixteen datasets were included, comprising 295 samples from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Lewy body diseases, COVID-19, and healthy controls. The integrated Human Microglia Atlas ( HuMicA ) dataset included 60,557 nuclei and revealed 11 microglial subpopulations distributed across all pathological and healthy conditions. Among these, we identified four different homeostatic clusters as well as pathological phenotypes. These included two stages of early and late activation of the DAM phenotype and the disease-inflammatory macrophage (DIM) phenotype, which was recently described in mice, and is also present in human microglia, as indicated by our analysis. The high versatility of microglia is evident through changes in subset distribution across various pathologies, suggesting their contribution in shaping pathological phenotypes. Our analysis showed overall depletion of four substates of homeostatic microglia, and expansion of niche subpopulations within the DAM and DIM spectrum across distinct neurodegenerative pathologies. The HuMicA is invaluable in advancing the study of microglia biology in both healthy and disease settings.

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Many disease-associated microglial programs are spatially enriched around plaques, suggesting microglial state transitions are disease-stage-dependent and anatomically localized.
“Many disease-associated microglial programs are spatially enriched around plaques, which suggests that microglial state transitions are not only disease-stage-dependent but also anatomically localized.”
From Lymphoid-like Suppressive Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Neuroimmune Regulatory Axis? (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
The Results section (‘Pathology-associated alterations in microglia subpopulations’; page unavailable) describes qualitative colocalization of GPNMB-high microglia with potential amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease samples. It does not establish that many disease-associated programs are enriched around plaques or that microglial state transitions depend on disease stage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Microglia in Alzheimer's disease occupy multiple transcriptional trajectories rather than discrete and permanent categories.
“Large human microglial atlases and state-dynamics studies are beginning to show that microglia in Alzheimer’s disease occupy multiple transcriptional trajectories rather than discrete and permanent categories [22,47].”
From Lymphoid-like Suppressive Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Neuroimmune Regulatory Axis? (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that M1/M2 and disease-associated microglia categories do not capture microglial complexity, and that microglial plasticity may follow a multi-subpopulation pattern. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports transcriptionally distinct groups, including populations altered in Alzheimer’s disease. The paper supports heterogeneity and plasticity, but does not establish multiple transcriptional trajectories or show that its identified groups are nonpermanent. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Microglia in Alzheimer's disease appear to acquire hybrid programs: they remain tissue-resident myeloid cells but can express genes normally associated with professional antigen presentation, immune communication, and inflammatory coordination.
“Instead, microglia in Alzheimer’s disease appear to acquire hybrid programs: they remain tissue-resident myeloid cells, but they can express genes normally associated with professional antigen presentation, immune communication, and inflammatory coordination.”
From Lymphoid-like Suppressive Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Neuroimmune Regulatory Axis? (2026) · cites this paper as [47]
Single-cell and single-nucleus studies have identified Alzheimer's-associated microglial states enriched for immune activation, antigen-presentation genes, lipid-processing pathways, and inflammatory mediators.
“Single-cell and single-nucleus studies have repeatedly identified Alzheimer ’s-associated microglial states enriched for immune activation, antigen-presentation genes, lipid-processing pathways, and inflammatory mediators.”
From Lymphoid-like Suppressive Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Neuroimmune Regulatory Axis? (2026) · cites this paper as [47]

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Systematic analysis of gene expression patterns associated with postmortem interval in human tissues
Zhu, Y., Wang, L., Yin, Y., & Yang, E. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05882-0 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Single-nucleus transcriptome analysis of human brain immune response in patients with severe COVID-19
Fullard, J. F., Lee, H.-C., Voloudakis, G., Suo, S., Javidfar, B., Shao, Z., Peter, C. J., Zhang, W., Jiang, S., Corvelo, A., et al. (2021) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-021-00933-8 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
sccomp: Robust differential composition and variability analysis for single-cell data
Mangiola, S., Roth‐Schulze, A. J., Trussart, M., Zozaya‐Valdés, E., Ma, M., Gao, Z., Rubin, A. F., Speed, T. P., Shim, H., & Papenfuss, A. T. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2203828120 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cross-platform transcriptional profiling identifies common and distinct molecular pathologies in Lewy body diseases
Feleke, R., Reynolds, R. H., Smith, A. M., Tilley, B. S., Taliun, S. A. G., Hardy, J., Matthews, P. M., Gentleman, S., Owen, D. R., Johnson, M. R., et al. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-021-02343-x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Microglial innate memory and epigenetic reprogramming in neurological disorders
Martins-Ferreira, R., Leal, B., Costa, P., & Ballestar, E. (2020) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101971 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
Transcription factor p53 influences microglial activation phenotype
Jayadev, S., Nesser, N. K., Hopkins, S., Myers, S. J., Case, A., Lee, R. J., Seaburg, L., Uo, T., Murphy, S. P., Morrison, R. S., et al. (2011) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21178 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Atf6α deficiency suppresses microglial activation and ameliorates pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Ta, H. M., Le, T. M., Ishii, H., Takarada‐Iemata, M., Hattori, T., Hashida, K., Yamamoto, Y., Mori, K., Takahashi, R., Kitao, Y., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13714 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Bcl6 modulates innate immunity by controlling macrophage activity and plays critical role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Li, Q., Zhou, L., Wang, L., Li, S., Xu, G., Gu, H., Li, D., Liu, M., Fang, L., Wang, Z., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201948299 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Distinct phases of adult microglia proliferation: a Myc-mediated early phase and a Tnfaip3-mediated late phase
Tan, W., Su, P. P., Leff, J., Gao, X., Chen, J., Guan, A. K., Kalyanasundaram, G., Ma, A. I., & Guan, Z. (2022) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-022-00377-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Single cell RNA sequencing of human microglia uncovers a subset that is associated with Alzheimer’s disease
Olah, M., Menon, V., Habib, N., Taga, M. F., Ma, Y., Khairallah, A., Yung, C. J., Coronas‐Samano, G., Vonsattel, J. P., Teich, A. F., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.038589 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sp1 Inhibits PGC-1α via HDAC2-Catalyzed Histone Deacetylation in Chronic Constriction Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain
Miao, J., Chen, Z., Wu, Y. Z., Hu, Q., & Ji, T. (2022) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00440 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Protective Role of Microglial PPARα in Diabetic Retinal Neurodegeneration and Neurovascular Dysfunction
Yuan, T., Dong, L., Pearsall, E., Zhou, K., Cheng, R., & Ma, J. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11233869 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Androgen receptor contributes to microglial/macrophage activation in rats with intracranial hemorrhage by mediating the JMJD3/Botch/Notch1 axis
Chen, M., Chen, X., Hu, X., Dai, J., & Sun, J. (2021) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136283 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Disruption of RFX family transcription factors causes autism, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, and dysregulated behaviorPreprint
Harris, H. K., Nakayama, T., Lai, J. F., Zhao, B., Argyrou, N., Gubbels, C. S., Soucy, A., Genetti, C. A., Rodan, L. H., Tiller, G. E., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.09.09.20187104 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

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Cell-type-directed network-correcting combination therapy for Alzheimer’s disease
Li, Y., Serras, C. P., Blumenfeld, J. R., Xie, M., Hao, Y., Deng, E., Chun, Y. Y., Holtzman, J., An, A., Yoon, S. Y., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.06.035 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in microglia: Alzheimer’s disease mechanisms and interventions
Sprenger, K. G., Lietzke, E. E., Melchior, J., & Bruce, K. D. (2025) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2025.100872 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The dual role of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease: from immune regulation to pathological progression
He, C., Chen, B., Yang, H., & Zhou, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1554398 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Functional diversity of disorder-specific macrophages involved in various diseases
Mitsui, Y., & Satoh, T. (2025) · Inflammation and Regeneration · doi:10.1186/s41232-025-00390-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Microglia-astrocyte crosstalk following ischemic stroke
Yang, S., Chen, Y., Tang, J., Cui, Y., Wei, W., Hao, Z., Xiao, Z., Pan, Y., Tian, Q., Xin, W., et al. (2025) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-025-01244-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Microglia across evolution: from conserved origins to functional divergence
Shimizu, T., & Prinz, M. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-025-01368-6 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pathological α-synuclein dysregulates epitranscriptomic writer METTL3 to drive neuroinflammation in microglia
Miller, C. R., Ealy, A., Gregory, A., Janarthanam, C., Albers, W. G., Richardson, G., Jin, H., Zenitsky, G. D., Anantharam, V., Kanthasamy, A., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115618 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Differences in molecular sampling and data processing explain variation among single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq experimentsPreprint
Chamberlin, J., Lee, Y., Marth, G., & Quinlan, A. R. (2024) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.278253.123 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Recent advances in colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors
Peng, L., Fang, Z., Zhang, W., Rao, G.-W., & Zheng, Q. (2025) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2025.117187 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Extracellular tau clearance is governed by its aggregation state and independent of microglial activation by LPS and IFN-γ
Shultz, A., Vincze, A., Yau, T. T., Poirier, E. L., Demanche, H., & Rauch, J. N. (2025) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2025.107058 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
MS4A6A/Ms4a6d deficiency disrupts neuroprotective microglia functions and promotes inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease model
Jiao, H., Ge, Y., Huang, L.-Y., Liu, Y., Wu, B., Lian, P., Hao, Y., Han, S., Li, Y., Wu, K., et al. (2025) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-025-00887-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Acute neuroinflammation induces prolonged transcriptional reprogramming in microglia
Moon, S., Kim, C. G., Kim, Y.-K., Yun, C., Shin, M., & Seo, H. (2025) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03572-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The regulation of microglia by aging and autophagy in multiple sclerosis
Wang, X., Sun, Y., Yu, H., Xue, C., Pei, X., Chen, Y., & Guan, Y. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107786 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Targeting immune cells in the aged brain reveals that engineered cytokine IL-10 enhances neurogenesis and improves cognition
Negredo, P. N., You, J., Hauptschein, M., Schroer, A. B., Richard, D. J., Abhiraman, G. C., Tsai, A. P., Sun, E., Notarangelo, G., Ramirez-Matias, J., et al. (2026) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2026.01.016 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response in human microglia disrupts neuronal–glial communication and promotes senescence
Maria Jose Perez, J., Lam, A., Weissleder, C., Bertoli, F., Raji, H., Bosch, M., Nemazanyy, I., Kalb, S., Kehili, M., Hirschberg, I., et al. (2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02320-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
NACC2, a molecular effector of miR-132 regulation at the interface between adult neurogenesis and Alzheimer’s disease
Penning, A., Snoeck, S., Garritsen, O., Tosoni, G., Hof, A., de Boer, F., van Hasenbroek, J., Zhang, L., Thrupp, N., Craessaerts, K., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-72096-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Glial Cells and Aging: From the CNS to the Cerebellum
Sala, G. L., & Farini, D. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26157553 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Transcriptional and neuroprotective effects of hexokinase-2 inhibitors administered after stroke
Won, S. J., Uruk, G., Mai, N., Tu, C., Ogut, D., Asatryan, S., Mocanu, E., Shon, R., Kim, K. S., Awakoaiye, K., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03594-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Metabolic reprogramming and signalling networks in microglial activation: Implications for neurodegeneration
El-Hamri, M.-A., & Abboussi, O. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103138 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Emerging Insights into Brain Inflammation: Stem-Cell-Based Approaches for Regenerative Medicine
Karam, M., Ortega-Gascó, A., & Tornero, D. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26073275 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals dysregulation of microglial iron homeostasis in temporal lobe epilepsy
He, Z., Liu, S., Shi, W., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Wang, J., Yin, J., Shen, S., Zhou, D., & Li, J. (2025) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2025.149885 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neuroimmune Dysregulation and AI-Driven Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer’s Disease
Ghosh, S., Bhaskar, R., Singh, D. K. K., Sharma, S., Yarlagadda, B., Sinha, J. K., & Han, S. S. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-025-01651-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Targeting glial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease: insights into pathogenesis and emerging therapeutics
Zhu, Q., Song, Y., Qian, Y., Zhang, R., Xue, J., & Hou, Y. (2025) · Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.20517/and.2025.25 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Expanding the neuroimmune research toolkit with in vivo brain organoid technologies
Tian, A., Bhattacharya, A., Muffat, J., & Li, Y. (2025) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.052200 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chimeric brain models to study human glial-neuronal and macroglial-microglial interactions
Jin, M., Ma, Z., Zhang, H., Dang, R., Papetti, A. V., Stillitano, A. C., Zou, L., Goldman, S. A., & Jiang, P. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116794 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic atlas of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease mouse models
Liu, P., Sun, T., Yang, J., Li, H., Min, W., Zhou, X., Xiong, R., Wu, J., Huang, Y., Li, Y., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03529-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Microglia in autism spectrum disorder: heterogeneity, immunometabolism, and synapse-related pathways
Lian, A., He, M., Zhang, H., & Yang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1783755 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Role of Neuroglia in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Disruptive Behavior: A Broad Review of Current Literature
Çetin, S., Uysal, S., Girgin, D., Alp, A., Kiliç, E., & Çıray, R. O. (2025) · Neuroglia · doi:10.3390/neuroglia6030034 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Microglia Single‐Cell RNA ‐Seq Enables Robust and Applicable Markers of Biological Aging
Stanley, N., Dhawka, L., Jaikumar, S., Huang, Y., & Zannas, A. S. (2025) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.70095 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Genome-wide consensus transcriptional signatures identify synaptic pruning linking Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy
Li, H., Xie, Z., Tian, Y., Zhou, R., Yang, Y., Lin, B., Chen, S., Wu, J., Deng, Z., Li, J., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03318-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Glial Contribution to the Pathogenesis of Post-Operative Delirium Revealed by Multi-omic Analysis of Brain Tissue from Neurosurgery PatientsPreprint
Ishii, T., Wang, T., Shibata, K., Nishitani, S., Yamanashi, T., Wahba, N. E., Seki, T., Thompson, K. J., Yamanishi, K., Nishiguchi, T., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.13.643155 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Microglial activation and alpha-synuclein oligomers drive the early inflammatory phase of Parkinson’s diseasePreprint
Evans, J. R., Grant‐Peters, M., Beckwith, J. S., Toomey, C. E., Popovic, R., Breiter, J. C., Brenton, J., Fairbrother-Browne, A., Strohbuecker, S., Lachica, J., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.25.671921 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fluid-Niche and Microglial Signatures Prime Robust Intraventricular Macrophage Response to Blood During Brain DevelopmentPreprint
Zawadzki, M. E., Hehnly, C., Benson, J. C., Velez, D. X. F., Gelb, S., Stanley, C., Byer, L. I. J., Xu, H., Sadegh, C., Pragana, A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.02.679906 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Reprogramming brain-resident macrophages: from disease drivers to therapeutic allies in neurological disorders
Zhao, P., Li, S., Liu, Q., Peng, X.-C., Liu, L., Yang, F.-Y., Wang, C., Qian, F., & Tang, F.-R. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1726194 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhizichi decoction alleviates depressive-like behaviors through modulating mitochondria-associated membrane via the IP3R3-GRP75-VDAC1 complex
Liu, Y., Zhang, Z., Zhao, Y., Jiang, R., Geng, Z., Tao, Y., Zhang, J., & Tao, W. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.119628 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis of Gene Expression in Bulk-Processed Post-Mortem Spinal Cord from ALS Patients and Normal Controls
Swindell, W. R. (2025) · NeuroSci · doi:10.3390/neurosci6030065 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A mouse model of stereotactic radiosurgery-induced neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier compromise
Alcazar‐Félix, R. J., Cheng, L., Srinath, A., Bindal, A., Tieri, D. A., Cruz, D. V., Yuan, M., Allaw, S., Muntu, N. A., Montas, D. M., et al. (2025) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-025-02112-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lipocalin-2 induces macrophage/microglia pro-inflammatory phenotype after intracerebral hemorrhage via Nrf2 signaling inhibition in young and aged mice
Zhang, T., Wang, C., Li, Y., Fei, X., Dou, Y., Liu, J., Wang, J., Zhang, D., Jiang, L., Zhao, L., et al. (2025) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2025.104988 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Glioinflammation: disease-associated microglia and astrocytes in psychiatric disorders, neurodegeneration, and senescence
Uemura, K., Hiro, S., Attachaipanich, S., Du, R., Yusof, N. I. S. M., Kinoshita, M., Hikosaka, M., & Ohtsuki, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2025.1669272 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Simultaneous spatial transcriptomics and morphology profiling as tools to explore how microglia change with age
Henze, D. E., Tsai, A. P., Wyss‐Coray, T., & Quake, S. R. (2026) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-026-01089-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
CD11c+ microglia: From basic research to clinical application
Zhou, Z., Zhao, Y., Fan, X., Zhang, J., Niu, R., Ma, Y., Xie, F., Tang, P., Mei, X., Zhang, L., et al. (2025) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-25-00868 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lysosomal cholesteryl ester hydrolysis drives white matter repair by reprogramming microglia into a novel reparative state
Hu, Y., Tang, K., Hu, H., 米红波, Li, X., Wang, H., Liu, J., Xia, Y., Huang, W., Kirchhoff, F., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03782-7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to quell neuroinflammation in central nervous system (CNS): a new strategy for treating CNS disease with nanomedicines
Wang, S., Liu, M., Shi, X., Xiong, T., Li, R., Zheng, W., Huang, Q., Nan, Y., & Ai, K. (2026) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2026.05.020 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A proteogenomic tool uncovers protein markers for human microglial statesPreprint
Haage, V. C., Bautista, A. R., Tuddenham, J. F., Marshe, V. S., Chiu, R., Liu, Y., Lama, T., Kelly, S. S., Parghi, N., Park, J., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646212 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Integrative analysis reveals generalizable human neurodegenerative disease-associated glial statesPreprint
Horan-Portelance, L., Acri, D. J., Mann, A., Brooks, J., Bailey, H. M., Gibbs, J. R., DeCasien, A. R., & Cookson, M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.09.25.678630 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Spatial patterning of transcriptional and regulatory programs in the primate subcortexPreprint
Dan, S., Turner, M. A., DeBerardine, M., Caceres, L., Nieto-Caballero, V. E., Schembri, J., Levandowski, K. M., Cardenas, C., Wang, N., Li, C., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.11.22.689869 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Scalable multimodal mapping of macrophage regulatory architecture by integrating optical and transcriptomic pooled screensPreprint
Kudo, T., Lopez, R., Meireles, A. M., Rios, A., Coelho, P. P., Chandrasekar, V., Lam, D. C., Huetter, J.-C., Ota, M., Rozenblatt–Rosen, O., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.27.728345 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Selective neuronal restoration of progranulin does not prevent the frontotemporal dementia like-phenotype of progranulin knockout mice
Weyer, M.-P., Hahnefeld, L., Franck, L., Angioni, C., Klein, M., Geißlinger, G., Schäfer, M. K. E., & Tegeder, I. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03665-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Oxytocin Modulates Microglial IL-17-Linked Inflammatory Pathways Through the IL-6/COX-2
Hwang, W., Jang, Y. H., Hong, J., Kang, S., Hur, J. K., & Lee, H. J. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16010105 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
TSC-associated microglial hyperactivity: enhanced calcium signaling, metabolism, and phagocytosis
Kalf, R. S., Luinenburg, M. J., Dematteis, G., Scheper, M., Anink, J. J., Cavallo, G., Mattarei, A., Hecke, W. V., Mühlebner, A., Tapella, L., et al. (2026) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-026-02986-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Phagocytosis and neuroinflammation: orchestrating central nervous system homeostasis, repair, and the resolution of inflammation
Gaudet, A. D., & Fonken, L. K. (2026) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2026.01.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Microglia-derived metabolites as novel signaling molecules: regulating neural circuit function, behavior, and their role in psychiatric disorders
Li, J., & Zhao, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1718657 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Microbiota-Driven microglia reprogramming reverses depressive-like behaviors through Peripheral-to-Central immune crosstalk
Wu, J., Zhou, X., Luo, T., Wang, X., Zuo, H., Yang, R., Tian, R., Wu, Y., Wu, Y. F., Jiang, W., et al. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03545-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Abi3 S212F Alzheimer's disease variant alters plaque structure and disrupts microglia
Butler, C. A., Gee, M. S., O'Gara, K., Milinkeviciute, G., Cunha, C. D., Kawauchi, S., Lu, Y.-H., Kwang, N. E., Tsourmas, K. I., Prekopa, C. A., et al. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71452 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Immune landscape of the affected brain in Rasmussen encephalitis
Quinones-Valdez, G., Chang, J. W., Magaki, S., Vinters, H. V., Salamon, N., Wang, A. H., Fallah, A., & Owens, G. C. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-51295-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Microglial state transitions are constrained by developmental and metabolic checkpoints
Mesaoudi, A. E., & Kim, D. W. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1852176 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
T cell-microglial interactions that impair myelin maintenance and regeneration: cellular mechanisms on white-matter associated changes
Song, C., Lee, Y., & Kim, M. S. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1813048 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
HMC3 revealed: how much do these “Microglia” really tell us?
Buccarello, L., Privitera, A., Partsinevelos, K., Serwa, K., Carota, G., Pietro, L. D., Cardaci, V., Mangione, R., Sibbitts, J., Lazzarino, G., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1778798 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Multi-tier signaling and chromatin remodeling coordinate microglia inflammatory states and activities associated with demyelination
Distéfano‐Gagné, F., Belhamiti, N., Saxon, W., Bitarafan, S., Xavier, A. M., Fiola, S., Rivest, S., & Gosselin, D. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117569 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Microglia derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells are regulated by osteopontin, an endogenous extracellular matrix protein maintaining immune homeostasis
Olschewski, D. N., Koenig, A. M., Nerone, H. M., Groß, E., Šarić, T., Vay, S. U., Schroeter, M., Fink, G. R., & Rueger, M. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1785992 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Human Microglial Molecular Alterations in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease
Baldo, K. A. T., Gozlan, E., Chidebe, E. O., Awogbindin, I. O., Prieto, M. O., Dalmacio, L. M. M., Ben-Azu, B., Frenkel, D., & Tremblay, M. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15131159 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nutritional substrates and microglial metabolic fitness in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease: from lipid handling to TREM2-linked translation
Li, Z., Ming, Q., Fu, L., Yang, J., Lv, Y., Chen, B., & Lu, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1886340 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
How do energy metabolism disorders and neuroinflammation collectively contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease?
Lei, Y., Liu, L., & Tang, Y. (2026) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2026.103287 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation as molecular landscape of post-operative delirium revealed by live human brain multi-omics profiling
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Authors: Martins-Ferreira, R., Calafell-Segura, J., Leal, B., Rodríguez-Ubreva, J., Martínez-Saez, E., Mereu, E., Pinho E Costa, P., Laguna, A., & Ballestar, E.
Affiliations: Universidade do Porto (PT)
Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (ES)
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
Corresponding author: Ballestar, Esteban
ORCID: Martins-Ferreira, Ricardo
Calafell-Segura, Josep
Leal, Bárbara
Mereu, Elisabetta
Pinho E Costa, Paulo
Laguna, Ariadna
Ballestar, Esteban
Venue: Nature Communications
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2025-01-16
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 739-739
ISSN: 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56124-1
PMC: PMC11739505
OpenAlex: W4406437527
Cited by: 123
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 79 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 3
FWCI: 43.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Centres de Recerca de Catalunya (501100011033, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
European Commission (MCIN /AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033, 10.13039/501100011033, 13039/501100011033, 501100011033, /AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
Generalitat de Catalunya (10.13039/501100011033, 501100011033, MCIN /AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN/AEI/10, .13039/501100011033, 10.13039, / AEI/10, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033,, 10.13039/501100011033/, PID2020117212RB-I00, 501100011033, RYC2021, MCIN /AEI /10.13039, /AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033)
Fundació Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UIDB/00215/2020 and UIDP/00215/2020, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/, LA/P/006/2020, SFRH/BD/137900/2018, 10.13039/501100011033, UIDB/00215/2020, UIDP/00215/2020)
Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/, 10.13039/501100011033, 13039/501100011033)
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/501100011033, /10.13039/501100011033, PI21/01603, AEI/10.13039/501100011033)
Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI//10.13039/501100011033/, 501100011033, 10.13039/501100011033, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501 100 011 033, 13039, .13039/501100011033, 10.13039, AEI/10)
Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto
Institut de Recerca contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras
NextGenerationEU
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
Keywords: microglia, disease-associated microglia, microglial subtypes, neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, Lewy body disease, COVID-19 pandemic, GPNMB, single-nucleus RNA sequencing, single-cell RNA sequencing
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, RNA-Seq, COVID-19, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Atlases as Topic, Brain, Female, Humans, Macrophages, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Sclerosis, Microglia, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Lewy Body Disease, Single-Cell Analysis

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