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Cited by 530Immune responses and vaccinationsT-cell and B-cell ImmunologyImmunotherapy and Immune Responses

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 207 of the 207 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Immunosenescence and human vaccine immune responses

Open access
Crooke, Stephen N., Ovsyannikova, Inna G., Poland, Gregory A., Kennedy, Richard B.·2019·Immunity & Ageing
DOI 10.1186/s12979-019-0164-9PMC PMC6743147
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Abstract

The age-related dysregulation and decline of the immune system—collectively termed “immunosenescence”—has been generally associated with an increased susceptibility to infectious pathogens and poor vaccine responses in older adults. While numerous studies have reported on the clinical outcomes of infected or vaccinated individuals, our understanding of the mechanisms governing the onset of immunosenescence and its effects on adaptive immunity remains incomplete. Age-dependent differences in T and B lymphocyte populations and functions have been well-defined, yet studies that demonstrate direct associations between immune cell function and clinical outcomes in older individuals are lacking. Despite these knowledge gaps, research has progressed in the development of vaccine and adjuvant formulations tailored for older adults in order to boost protective immunity and overcome immunosenescence. In this review, we will discuss the development of vaccines for older adults in light of our current understanding—or lack thereof—of the aging immune system. We highlight the functional changes that are known to occur in the adaptive immune system with age, followed by a discussion of current, clinically relevant pathogens that disproportionately affect older adults and are the central focus of vaccine research efforts for the aging population. We conclude with an outlook on personalized vaccine development for older adults and areas in need of further study in order to improve our fundamental understanding of adaptive immunosenescence.

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Fig. 1 Immunological changes associated with aging and adaptive immunosenescence. Specific changes in the T and B cell compartments are known to occur with aging and the onset of immunosenescence. Naïve lymphocyte production, lymphocyte repertoire diversity, and the proliferative and functional capacity of effector lymphocytes all decline with age; similarly, increases in differentiated memory cell populations, lymph node fibrosis, and altered cytokine production all occur. These phenomena have been collectively associated with diminished vaccine responses and an increased susceptibility to viral infectious diseases in older adults. The mechanisms by which immunosenescence operates are not fully understood, and systems biology approaches are currently focused on elucidating these mechanisms in order to inform the rational design of vaccines for older adults
Fig. 1 Immunological changes associated with aging and adaptive immunosenescence. Specific changes in the T and B cell compartments are known to occur with aging and the onset of immunosenescence. Naïve lymphocyte production, lymphocyte repertoire diversity, and the proliferative and functional capacity of effector lymphocytes all decline with age; similarly, increases in differentiated memory cell populations, lymph node fibrosis, and altered cytokine production all occur. These phenomena have been collectively associated with diminished vaccine responses and an increased susceptibility to viral infectious diseases in older adults. The mechanisms by which immunosenescence operates are not fully understood, and systems biology approaches are currently focused on elucidating these mechanisms in order to inform the rational design of vaccines for older adultsCC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors
Crooke, S. N., Ovsyannikova, I. G., Poland, G. A., & Kennedy, R. B.
Affiliations
Mayo Clinic (US)
Corresponding author
Kennedy, Richard B.
ORCID
Venue
Immunity & Ageing
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2019-09-13
Volume
16
Issue
1
Pages
25-25
ISSN
1742-4933 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12979-019-0164-9
PMC
PMC6743147
OpenAlex
W2972334025
Cited by
530
References
207
Citations by year
2026: 59 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 3
FWCI
5.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Immunity & Ageing (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI089859, AI132348)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Keywords
immunosenescence, vaccine response, older adults, adaptive immunity, T cells, B cells, age-related immune decline, vaccine adjuvants, personalized vaccines

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