Aging, Immunity, and COVID-19: How Age Influences the Host Immune Response to Coronavirus Infections?
Open accessAbstract
The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has ravaged the world with over 72 million total cases and over 1.6 million deaths worldwide as of early December 2020. An overwhelming preponderance of cases and deaths is observed within the elderly population, and especially in those with pre-existing conditions and comorbidities. Aging causes numerous biological changes in the immune system, which are linked to age-related illnesses and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Age-related changes influence the host immune response and therefore not only weaken the ability to fight respiratory infections but also to mount effective responses to vaccines. Immunosenescence and inflamm-aging are considered key features of the aging immune system wherein accumulation of senescent immune cells contribute to its decline and simultaneously increased inflammatory phenotypes cause immune dysfunction. Age-related quantitative and qualitative changes in the immune system affect cells and soluble mediators of both the innate and adaptive immune responses within lymphoid and non-lymphoid peripheral tissues. These changes determine not only the susceptibility to infections, but also disease progression and clinical outcomes thereafter. Furthermore, the response to therapeutics and the immune response to vaccines are influenced by age-related changes within the immune system. Therefore, better understanding of the pathophysiology of aging and the immune response will not only help understand age-related diseases but also guide targeted management strategies for deadly infectious diseases like COVID-19.
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SARS-CoV-2 infection together with inflammageing leads to an exaggerated innate immune response and worse COVID-19 outcomes.
“Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infection combined with inflammageing leads to an exaggerated innate immune response and worsened outcomes of COVID-19.”
From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [91]
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Kandhaya‐Pillai, R., Yang, X., Tchkonia, T., Martin, G. M., Kirkland, J. L., & Oshima, J. (2022) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13646 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Comorbidities and increased mortality of COVID-19 among the elderly: a systematic review
Péterfi, A., Mészáros, Á., Szarvas, Z., Pénzes, M., Fekete, M., Fehér, Á., Lehoczki, A., Csípő, T., & Fazekas-Pongor, V. (2022) · Physiology International · doi:10.1556/2060.2022.00206 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bajaj, V., Gadi, N., Spihlman, A. P., Wu, S. C., Choi, C. H., & Moulton, V. R.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Moulton, Vaishali R.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Physiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-01-12
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- 571416-571416
- ISSN
- 1664-042X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7835928
- OpenAlex
- W3118375381
- Cited by
- 476
- References
- 188
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 91
- FWCI
- 12.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, aging, immunosenescence, inflammaging, host immune response, older adults, vaccine response, comorbidities, innate and adaptive immunity, age-related diseases
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