A Comprehensive Review of mRNA Vaccines
Open accessAbstract
mRNA vaccines have been demonstrated as a powerful alternative to traditional conventional vaccines because of their high potency, safety and efficacy, capacity for rapid clinical development, and potential for rapid, low-cost manufacturing. These vaccines have progressed from being a mere curiosity to emerging as COVID-19 pandemic vaccine front-runners. The advancements in the field of nanotechnology for developing delivery vehicles for mRNA vaccines are highly significant. In this review we have summarized each and every aspect of the mRNA vaccine. The article describes the mRNA structure, its pharmacological function of immunity induction, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), and the upstream, downstream, and formulation process of mRNA vaccine manufacturing. Additionally, mRNA vaccines in clinical trials are also described. A deep dive into the future perspectives of mRNA vaccines, such as its freeze-drying, delivery systems, and LNPs targeting antigen-presenting cells and dendritic cells, are also summarized.
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mRNA vaccines are produced synthetically in a cell-free environment allowing scalable, cost-effective and rapid production.
“Furthermore, mRNA vaccines are produced synthetically in a cell-free environment allowing a scalable, cost-effective and rapid production3.”
From An Omicron-specific, self-amplifying mRNA booster vaccine for COVID-19: a phase 2/3 randomized trial (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
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“Furthermore, mRNA vaccines are produced synthetically in a cell-free environment allowing a scalable, cost-effective and rapid production 3 .”
Identification of novel 5’ UTR variants for enhanced mRNA translation and vaccine immunogenicity
Mazunina, E. P., Dzharullaeva, A. S., Kleymenov, D. A., Bykonia, E. N., Kozlova, S. R., Usachev, E. V., Panova, E. A., Konopleva, M. V., Telegina, D. V., Kukushkina-Zvezdova, A. A., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-59586-5
- Authors
- Gote, V., Bolla, P. K., Kommineni, N., Butreddy, A., Nukala, P. K., Palakurthi, S. S., & Khan, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
- The University of Texas at El Paso (US)
- Population Council (US)
- University of Mississippi (US)
- St. John's University (US)
- Texas A&M University – Kingsville (US)
- Natco Pharma (India) (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Gote, Vrinda
- Bolla, Pradeep Kumar
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-01-31
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 2700
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9917162
- OpenAlex
- W4318779478
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 181
- Citations by year
- 2026: 127 · 2025: 185 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 25 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 12.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- mRNA vaccines, lipid nanoparticles, mRNA structure, vaccine production, vaccine formulation, clinical trials, COVID-19 vaccines, nanotechnology, antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells, freeze-drying, vaccine delivery systems, immune induction
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, COVID-19 Vaccines, mRNA Vaccines, Antigen-Presenting Cells, Humans, Vaccines, Vaccines, Synthetic, Nanoparticles, Pandemics
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