Modeling and rescue of defective blood–brain barrier function of induced brain microvascular endothelial cells from childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy patients
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene. 40% of X-ALD patients will convert to the deadly childhood cerebral form (ccALD) characterized by increased permeability of the brain endothelium that constitutes the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Mutation information and molecular markers investigated to date are not predictive of conversion. Prior reports have focused on toxic metabolic byproducts and reactive oxygen species as instigators of cerebral inflammation and subsequent immune cell invasion leading to BBB breakdown. This study focuses on the BBB itself and evaluates differences in brain endothelium integrity using cells from ccALD patients and wild-type (WT) controls. METHODS: The blood-brain barrier of ccALD patients and WT controls was modeled using directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into induced brain microvascular endothelial cells (iBMECs). Immunocytochemistry and PCR confirmed characteristic expression of brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) markers. Barrier properties of iBMECs were measured via trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), sodium fluorescein permeability, and frayed junction analysis. Electron microscopy and RNA-seq were used to further characterize disease-specific differences. Oil-Red-O staining was used to quantify differences in lipid accumulation. To evaluate whether treatment with block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) (PEO-PPO) could mitigate defective properties, ccALD-iBMECs were treated with PEO-PPO block copolymers and their barrier properties and lipid accumulation levels were quantified. RESULTS: ). They also accumulated lipid droplets to a greater extent than WT-iBMECs. Upon treatment with a PEO-PPO diblock copolymer during the differentiation process, an increase in TEER and a reduction in lipid accumulation were observed for the polymer treated ccALD-iBMECs compared to untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that BBB integrity is decreased in ccALD and can be rescued with block copolymers opens the door for the discovery of BBB-specific molecular markers that can indicate the onset of ccALD and has therapeutic implications for preventing the conversion to ccALD.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
iPSC-derived microvascular endothelial cells from cALD patients exhibited LD accumulation.
“iPSC-derived microvascular endothelial cells from cALD patients exhibited only half-normal transendothelial electrical resistance and LD accumulation [491].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [491]
iPSC-derived microvascular endothelial cells from cALD patients exhibited only half-normal transendothelial electrical resistance.
“iPSC-derived microvascular endothelial cells from cALD patients exhibited only half-normal transendothelial electrical resistance and LD accumulation [491].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [491]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology
Ashburner, M., Ball, C. A., Blake, J. A., Botstein, D., Butler, H., Cherry, J. M., Davis, A. P., Dolinski, K., Dwight, S. S., Eppig, J. T., et al. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/75556 · Cited by 43,206 · see citing works
Causal analysis approaches in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis
Krämer, A., Green, J., Pollard, J., & Tugendreich, S. (2014) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt703 · Cited by 5,724 · see citing works
Expansion of the Gene Ontology knowledgebase and resources
The Gene Ontology Consortium (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1108 · Cited by 1,850 · see citing works
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy with a Lentiviral Vector in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Cartier, N., Hacein-Bey-Abina, S., Bartholomae, C. C., Veres, G., Schmidt, M., Kutschera, I., Vidaud, M., Abel, U., Dal-Cortivo, L., Caccavelli, L., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1171242 · Cited by 1,508 · see citing works
Blood‐brain barrier‐specific properties of a human adult brain endothelial cell line
Weksler, B. B., Subileau, E.-A., Perrière, N., Charneau, P., Holloway, K. E., Leveque, M., Tricoire-Leignel, H., Nicotra, A., Bourdoulous, S., Turowski, P., et al. (2005) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.04-3458fje · Cited by 1,325 · see citing works
Putative X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy gene shares unexpected homology with ABC transporters
Mosser, J., Douar, A.-M., Sarde, C.-O., Kioschis, P., Feil, R., Moser, H., Poustka, A.-M., Mandel, J.-L., & Aubourg, P. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/361726a0 · Cited by 1,202 · see citing works
Imaging of neutral lipids by oil red O for analyzing the metabolic status in health and disease
Mehlem, A., Hagberg, C. E., Muhl, L., Eriksson, U., & Falkevall, A. (2013) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.055 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Helms, H. C., Abbott, N. J., Burek, M., Cecchelli, R., Couraud, P.-O., Deli, M. A., Förster, C., Galla, H. J., Romero, I. A., Shusta, E. V., et al. (2016) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x16630991 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Derivation of blood-brain barrier endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells
Lippmann, E. S., Azarin, S. M., Kay, J. E., Nessler, R. A., Wilson, H. K., Al-Ahmad, A., Palecek, S. P., & Shusta, E. V. (2012) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2247 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Self-citationMoser, H. W., Mahmood, A., & Raymond, G. V. (2007) · Nature Clinical Practice Neurology · doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0421 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Permeability Studies on In Vitro Blood–Brain Barrier Models: Physiology, Pathology, and Pharmacology
Deli, M. A., Ábrahám, C. S., Kataoka, Y., & Niwa, M. (2005) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-004-1377-8 · Cited by 643 · see citing works
Hematopoietic stem-cell gene therapy for cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy
Eichler, F., Duncan, C., Musolino, P. L., Orchard, P. J., De Oliveira, S., Thrasher, A. J., Armant, M., Dansereau, C., Lund, T. C., Miller, W. P., et al. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1700554 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
REGULATION OF THE MOVEMENT OF SOLUTES ACROSS TIGHT JUNCTIONS
Madara, J. (1998) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.143 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Lippmann, E. S., Al-Ahmad, A., Azarin, S. M., Palecek, S. P., & Shusta, E. V. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep04160 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Self-citationA review of block polymer surfactants
Schmolka, I. R. (1977) · Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society · doi:10.1007/bf02894385 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Shapiro, E., Krivit, W., Lockman, L., Jambaqué, I., Peters, C., Cowan, M., Harris, R., Blanche, S., Bordigoni, P., Loes, D., et al. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02629-5 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Adrenoleukodystrophy: Incidence, new mutation rate, and results of extended family screening
Bezman, L., Moser, A. B., Raymond, G. V., Rinaldo, P., Watkins, P. A., Smith, K. D., Kass, N. E., & Moser, H. W. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.101 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Synthesis and Characterization of Model Polyalkane−Poly(ethylene oxide) Block Copolymers
Hillmyer, M. A., & Bates, F. S. (1996) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/ma960774t · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Self-citationDystrophic heart failure blocked by membrane sealant poloxamer
Yasuda, S., Townsend, D., Michele, D. E., Favre, E. G., Day, S. M., & Metzger, J. M. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03844 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Surfactant-induced sealing of electropermeabilized skeletal muscle membranes in vivo.
Lee, R. C., River, L. P., Pan, F. S., Ji, L., & Wollmann, R. L. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.10.4524 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
A mouse model for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Lu, J.-F., Lawler, A. M., Watkins, P. A., Powers, J. M., Moser, A. B., Moser, H. W., & Smith, K. D. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.17.9366 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Miller, W. P., Rothman, S. M., Nascene, D., Kivisto, T., DeFor, T. E., Ziegler, R. S., Eisengart, J., Leiser, K., Raymond, G., Lund, T. C., et al. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-01-329235 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Self-citationLim, R. G., Quan, C., Reyes-Ortiz, A. M., Lutz, S. E., Kedaigle, A. J., Gipson, T. A., Wu, J., Vatine, G. D., Stocksdale, J., Casale, M. S., et al. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.021 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
A Two-Year Trial of Oleic and Erucic Acids (“Lorenzo's Oil”) as Treatment for Adrenomyeloneuropathy
Aubourg, P., Adamsbaum, C., Lavallard-Rousseau, M.-C., Rocchiccioli, F., Cartier, N., Jambaque, I., Jakobezak, C., Lemaitre, A., Boureau, F., Wolf, C., et al. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199309093291101 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Berger, J., Forss-Petter, S., & Eichler, F. S. (2014) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2013.11.023 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Adrenoleukodystrophy: Incidence, new mutation rate, and results of extended family screening
Bezman, L., Moser, A. B., Raymond, G. V., Watkins, P. A., Smith, K. D., KASS, N. E., & Moser, H. W. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.101.abs · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Bernas, M. J., Cardoso, F. L., Daley, S. K., Weinand, M. E., Campos, A. R., Gonçalves-Ferreira, A., Hoying, J. B., Witte, M. H., Brites, D. M. T. O., Persidsky, Y., et al. (2010) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2010.76 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Early oxidative damage underlying neurodegeneration in X-adrenoleukodystrophy
Fourcade, S., Lopez-Erauskin, J., Galino, J., Duval, C., Naudi, A., Jove, M., Kemp, S., Villarroya, F., Ferrer, I., Pamplona, R., et al. (2008) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn085 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Hollmann, E. K., Bailey, A. K., Potharazu, A. V., Neely, M. D., Bowman, A. B., & Lippmann, E. S. (2017) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-017-0059-0 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Stebbins, M. J., Wilson, H. K., Canfield, S. G., Qian, T., Palecek, S. P., & Shusta, E. V. (2016) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.10.016 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Gaillard, P. J., & de Boer, A. G. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00152-4 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Laboratory-scale setup for anionic polymerization under inert atmosphere
Ndoni, S., Papadakis, C. M., Bates, F. S., & Almdal, K. (1995) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.1146052 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationInduced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Individuals with Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa
Tolar, J., Xia, L., Riddle, M. J., Lees, C. J., Eide, C. R., McElmurry, R. T., Titeux, M., Osborn, M. J., Lund, T. C., Hovnanian, A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/jid.2010.346 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationAdrenoleukodystrophy: New Approaches to a Neurodegenerative Disease
Moser, H. W., Raymond, G. V., & Dubey, P. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.24.3131 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Lindborg, B. A., Brekke, J. H., Vegoe, A. L., Ulrich, C. B., Haider, K. T., Subramaniam, S., Venhuizen, S. L., Eide, C. R., Orchard, P. J., Chen, W., et al. (2016) · Stem Cells Translational Medicine · doi:10.5966/sctm.2015-0305 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationBerger, J., Wiesinger, C., & Eichler, F. (2015) · The Application of Clinical Genetics · doi:10.2147/tacg.s49590 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
General aspects and neuropathology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Ferrer, I., Aubourg, P., & Pujol, A. (2010) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00390.x · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Poloxamer 188 (P188) as a Membrane Resealing Reagent in Biomedical Applications
Moloughney, J. G., & Weisleder, N. L. (2012) · Recent Patents on Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1872208311206030200 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
van Geel, B. M., Assies, J., Haverkort, E. B., Koelman, J. H. T. M., Verbeeten, B., Wanders, R. J. A., & Barth, P. G. (1999) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.67.3.290 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Wilson, H. K., Canfield, S. G., Hjortness, M. K., Palecek, S. P., & Shusta, E. V. (2015) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-015-0007-9 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Eichler, F., Itoh, R., Barker, P. B., Mori, S., Garrett, E. S., van Zijl, P. C. M., Moser, H. W., Raymond, G. V., & Melhem, E. R. (2002) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2251011040 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Ito, M., Blumberg, B. M., Mock, D. J., Goodman, A. D., Moser, A. B., Moser, H. W., Smith, K. D., & Powers, J. M. (2001) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/60.10.1004 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) in only one of monozygotic twins with an identical ALD genotype
Korenke, G. C., Wilichowski, E., Hunneman, D. H., Hanefeld, F., Fuchs, S., Krasemann, E., & Doerr, H. G. (1996) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410400221 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Kemper, A. R., Brosco, J., Comeau, A. M., Green, N. S., Grosse, S. D., Jones, E., Kwon, J. M., Lam, W. K. K., Ojodu, J., Prosser, L. A., et al. (2017) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1038/gim.2016.68 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Mutational analysis of patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Kok, F., Neumann, S., Sarde, C.-O., Zheng, S., Wu, K.-H., Wei, H.-M., Bergin, J., Watkins, P. A., Gould, S., Sack, G., et al. (1995) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.1380060203 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cheng, C., Wang, J., Kausik, R., Lee, K. Y. C., & Han, S. (2012) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/bm300848c · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Brain endothelial dysfunction in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy
Musolino, P. L., Gong, Y., Snyder, J. M. T., Jimenez, S., Lok, J., Lo, E. H., Moser, A. B., Grabowski, E. F., Frosch, M. P., & Eichler, F. S. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv250 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Head trauma can initiate the onset of adreno-leukodystrophy
Raymond, G. V., Seidman, R., Monteith, T. S., Kolodny, E., Sathe, S., Mahmood, A., & Powers, J. M. (2010) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.11.005 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Gu, J., Ge, J., Li, M., Xu, H., Wu, F., & Qin, Z. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061641 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Effect of Poloxamer-188 on Neuronal Cell Recovery from Mechanical Injury
Serbest, G., Horwitz, J., & Barbee, K. (2005) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2005.22.119 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Mantle, J. L., Min, L., & Lee, K. H. (2016) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00818 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Wang, J., Marks, J. D., & Lee, K. Y. C. (2012) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/bm300847x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Progress in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Moser, H. W., Dubey, P., & Fatemi, A. S. (2004) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/00019052-200406000-00005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Fourcade, S., Ferrer, I., & Pujol, A. (2015) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.041 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Adrenoleukodystrophy: Electron Microscopic Findings
Powell, H. (1975) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1975.00490460066009 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Ding, J., Heatley, F., Price, C., & Booth, C. (1991) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/0014-3057(91)90029-n · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Poloxamer 188 prevents acute necrosis of adult skeletal muscle cells following high-dose irradiation
Greenebaum, B., Blossfield, K., Hannig, J., Carrillo, C. S., Beckett, M. A., Weichselbaum, R. R., & Lee, R. C. (2004) · Burns · doi:10.1016/j.burns.2004.02.009 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Physical Basis for Poloxamer Interactions
Schmolka, I. R. (1994) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb30437.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Functional genomic analysis unravels a metabolic-inflammatory interplay in adrenoleukodystrophy
Schlüter, A., Espinosa, L., Fourcade, S., Galino, J., López, E., Ilieva, E., Morató, L., Asheuer, M., Cook, T., McLaren, A., et al. (2012) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr536 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Bao, H., Wang, T., Zhang, M., Liu, R., Dai, D.-K., Wang, Y.-Q., Wang, L., Zhang, L., Gao, Y., Qin, Z., et al. (2012) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0880-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Luo, C., Chen, X.-P., Li, L., Li, Q., Li, B., Xue, A., Xu, H., Dai, D.-K., Shen, Y., Tao, L., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2012.2425 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Transplant Outcomes in Leukodystrophies
Orchard, P. J., & Tolar, J. (2009) · Seminars in Hematology · doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2009.10.006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationWeber, F. D., Wiesinger, C., Forss-Petter, S., Regelsberger, G., Einwich, A., Weber, W. H. A., Kohler, W., Stockinger, H., & Berger, J. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt645 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Kim, B. J., Bee, O. B., McDonagh, M. A., Stebbins, M. J., Palecek, S. P., Doran, K. S., & Shusta, E. V. (2017) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00398-17 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Wang, T., Chen, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, M., Meng, H., Gao, Y. Z., Luo, B., Tao, L., & Chen, Y. (2014) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-014-0313-8 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Schaumburg, H. H. (1972) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1972.00490170090014 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Phenotypic heterogeneity of an adult form of adrenoleukodystrophy in monozygotic twins
Sobue, G., Ueno‐Natsukari, I., Okamoto, H., Connell, T. A., Aizawa, I., Mizoguchi, K., Honma, M., Ishikawa, G., Mitsuma, T., & Natsukari, N. (1994) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410360617 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Theda, C., Gibbons, K., DeFor, T. E., Donohue, P. K., Golden, W. C., Kline, A. D., Gulamali-Majid, F., Panny, S. R., Hubbard, W. C., Jones, R. O., et al. (2014) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.10.019 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
N-acetyl-L-cysteine improves outcome of advanced cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy
Tolar, J., Orchard, P. J., Bjoraker, K., Ziegler, R. S., Shapiro, E., & Charnas, L. R. (2007) · Bone Marrow Transplantation · doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1705571 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationKam, K. R., Walsh, L. A., Bock, S. M., Koval, M. H., Fischer, K. E., Ross, R. F., & Desai, T. A. (2012) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl3037799 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Use of crown ether in the anionic polymerization of propylene oxide—1. Rate of polymerization
Ding, J., Price, C., & Booth, C. (1991) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/0014-3057(91)90028-m · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Membrane-stabilizing copolymers confer marked protection to dystrophic skeletal muscle in vivo
Houang, E. M., Haman, K. J., Filareto, A., Perlingeiro, R. C. R., Bates, F. S., Lowe, D. A., & Metzger, J. M. (2015) · Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1038/mtm.2015.42 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationImmune Response in Leukodystrophies
Eichler, F., & van Haren, K. P. (2007) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.06.011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lipid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
van de Beek, M.-C., Ofman, R., Dijkstra, I. M. E., Wijburg, F. A., Engelen, M., Wanders, R. J. A., & Kemp, S. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Miller, W. P., Mantovani, L. F. A. L., Muzic, J. G., Rykken, J., Gawande, R. S., Lund, T. C., Shanley, R., Raymond, G. V., Orchard, P. J., & Nascene, D. R. (2015) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a4500 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Deon, M., Sitta, Â., Barschak, A. G., Coelho, D. M., Pigatto, M. C., Schmitt, G. O., Jardim, L. B., Giugliani, R., Wajner, M., & Vargas, C. R. (2007) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.08.008 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Adrenoleukodystrophy gene: Unexpected homology to a protein involved in peroxisome biogenesis
Aubourg, P. R., Mosser, J., Douar, A. M., Sarde, C., Lopez, J., & Mandel, J. (1993) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/0300-9084(93)90089-b · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Wilken, B., Dechent, P., Brockmann, K., Finsterbusch, J., Baumann, M., Ebell, W., Korenke, G. C., Pouwels, P. J. W., Hanefeld, F. A., & Frahm, J. (2003) · Neuropediatrics · doi:10.1055/s-2003-43254 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Seven-Tesla proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in adult X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Ratai, E., Kok, T., Wiggins, C., Wiggins, G., Grant, E., Gagoski, B., O’Neill, G., Adalsteinsson, E., & Eichler, F. (2008) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.65.11.1488 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hypoperfusion predicts lesion progression in cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Musolino, P. L., Rapalino, O., Caruso, P., Caviness, V. S., & Eichler, F. S. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws206 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Houang, E. M., Haman, K. J., Kim, M., Zhang, W., Lowe, D. A., Sham, Y. Y., Lodge, T. P., Hackel, B. J., Bates, F. S., & Metzger, J. M. (2017) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00197 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationThibert, K. A., Raymond, G. V., Nascene, D. R., Miller, W. P., Tolar, J., Orchard, P. J., & Lund, T. C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050430 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, M., Haman, K. J., Houang, E. M., Zhang, W., Yannopoulos, D., Metzger, J. M., Bates, F. S., & Hackel, B. J. (2017) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00419 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationProgression of X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy under interferon‐β therapy
Korenke, G. C., Christen, H. ‐., Kruse, B., HUNNEMAN, D. H., & Hanefeld, F. A. (1997) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1023/a:1005361607523 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ding, J., Attwood, D., Price, C., & Booth, C. (1991) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/0014-3057(91)90030-r · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Antioxidant Capacity and Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Adrenoleukodystrophy
Turk, B. R., Theisen, B. E., Nemeth, C. L., Marx, J. S., Shi, X., Rosen, M. H., Jones, R. O., Moser, A. B., Watkins, P. A., Raymond, G. V., et al. (2017) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.5715 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Singh, J., & Giri, S. (2014) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.126 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The effects of poloxamer 188 on the autophagy induced by traumatic brain injury
Bao, H., Yang, X., Zhuang, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, T., Zhang, M., Dai, D., Wang, S., Xiao, H., Huang, G., et al. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.052 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Adrenomyeloneuropathy and adrenoleukodystrophy in two brothers
Martin, J. J., Dompas, B., Ceuterick, C., & Jacobs, K. (2008) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000115163 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Therapeutic strategies in adrenoleukodystrophy
Turk, B. R., Moser, A. B., & Fatemi, A. S. (2017) · Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s10354-016-0534-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Moser, H. W. (1995) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/00019052-199506000-00011 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The effect of bone marrow transplantation on oxidative stress in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Rockenbach, F. J., Deon, M., Marchese, D. P., Manfredini, V., Mescka, C. P., Ribas, G. S., Habekost, C. T., de Castro, C. G., Jardim, L. B., & Vargas, C. R. (2012) · Molecular Genetics and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.03.019 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Can Head Injury Influence the Site of Demyelination in Adrenoleuko dystrophy?
Wilkinson, I. A., Hopkins, I. J., & Pollard, A. C. (1987) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1987.tb08827.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Marchetti, D. P., Donida, B., da Rosa, H. T., Manini, P. R., Moura, D. J., Saffi, J., Deon, M., Mescka, C. P., Coelho, D. D. M., Jardim, L. B., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.03.004 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Neidner, K. H. (1988) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/0738-081x(88)90016-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Abstracts from the 20th International Symposium on Signal Transduction at the Blood-Brain Barriers
Małecki, A., Skipor-Lahuta, J., Toborek, M. J., Abbott, N. J., Antonetti, D. A., Su, E. J., Lawrence, D. A., Atış, M., Akcan, U., Yılmaz, C. U., et al. (2017) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-017-0071-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy: a demyelinating disease that leaves the door wide open: Figure 1
Aubourg, P. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv271 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Intrathecal baclofen in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Chu, M. L., Sala, D. A., & Weiner, H. L. (2001) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0887-8994(00)00250-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Horvath, G. A., Eichler, F., Poskitt, K. J., & Stöckler‐Ipsiroglu, S. (2012) · Neuropediatrics · doi:10.1055/s-0032-1307455 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Preventive Effects of Poloxamer 188 on Muscle Cell Damage Mechanics Under Oxidative Stress
Wong, S. W., Yao, Y., Ye, H., Ma, Z., Kok, S., Sun, S., Cho, M., Lee, K. K., & Mak, A. F. T. (2016) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-016-1733-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Activation of cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy after head trauma
Budhram, A., & Pandey, S. K. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2017.52 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy gene: identification of a candidate gene by positional cloning
Douar, A. M., Mosser, J., Sarde, C., Lopez, J., Mandel, J., & Aubourg, P. R. (1994) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/0753-3322(94)90135-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Adrenoleukodystrophy: recent advances in treatment and disease etiology
Drover, V. A. B. (2009) · Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.2217/clp.09.11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Haman, K. J. (2015) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Forss-Petter, S. (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19971201)50:5
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The physiological functions of human peroxisomes
Wanders, R. J. A., Baes, M., Ribeiro, D., Ferdinandusse, S., & Waterham, H. R. (2023) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00051.2021 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Lu, T. M., Houghton, S., Magdeldin, T., Durán, J. G. B., Minotti, A. P., Snead, A. M., Sproul, A. A., Nguyen, D.-H. T., Xiang, J., Fine, H. A., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2016950118 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Recent advances in human iPSC-derived models of the blood–brain barrier
Workman, M. J., & Svendsen, C. N. (2020) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-020-00191-7 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Models of the blood-brain barrier using iPSC-derived cells
Delsing, L., Herland, A., Falk, A., Hicks, R., Synnergren, J., & Zetterberg, H. (2020) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103533 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Peroxisomal ABC Transporters: An Update
Tawbeh, A., Gondcaille, C., Trompier, D., & Savary, S. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22116093 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Boitsova, E. B., Morgun, A. V., Osipova, E. D., Пожиленкова, Е. А., Martinova, G. P., Васильевна, Ф. О., Olovannikova, R. Y., Tohidpour, A., Gorina, Y. V., Panina, Y. A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1233-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells: Current Controversies
Lu, T. M., Durán, J. G. B., Houghton, S., Rafii, S., Redmond, D., & Lis, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.642812 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sabitha, K. R., Shetty, A. K., & Upadhya, D. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.025 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Advanced Human BBB‐on‐a‐Chip: A New Platform for Alzheimer's Disease Studies
Yoon, J., Kim, J., Shah, Z., Awasthi, A., Mahajan, A., & Kim, Y. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202002285 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Page, S., Raut, S., & Al-Ahmad, A. J. (2019) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-019-08531-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Al-Thani, M., Goodwin-Trotman, M., Bell, S., Patel, K., Fleming, L., Vilain, C. N., Abramowicz, M. J., Allan, S. M., Wang, T., Cader, M. Z., et al. (2023) · Stem Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.014 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fourcade, S., Goicoechea, L., Parameswaran, J., Schlüter, A., Launay, N., Ruíz, M., Seyer, A., Colsch, B., Calingasan, N. Y., Ferrer, I., et al. (2020) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12869 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Brauns, A.-K., Heine, M., Tödter, K., Baumgart‐Vogt, E., Lüers, G. H., & Schumacher, U. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45991-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
An iPSC-Derived Neuron Model of CLN3 Disease Facilitates Small Molecule Phenotypic Screening
Kinarivala, N., Morsy, A., Patel, R., Carmona, A. V., Sajib, M. S., Raut, S., Mikelis, C. M., Al-Ahmad, A. J., & Trippier, P. C. (2020) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.0c00077 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Page, S., Patel, R., Raut, S., & Al-Ahmad, A. J. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.009 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Restoring brain barriers: an innovative approach for treating neurological disorders
Lemarchant, S., Engelhardt, B., Cicchetti, F., Bix, G. J., Janus, A., Godfrin, Y., Blasco, H., Campbell, M., & Jacquet, A. D. R. (2025) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-025-00688-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Weber, C. M., Moiz, B., Zic, S. M., Vargas, V. A., Li, A., & Clyne, A. M. (2022) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-022-00395-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Girard, S. D., Julien‐Gau, I., Molino, Y., Combes, B. F., Greetham, L., Khrestchatisky, M., & Nivet, E. (2023) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202201422r · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Evolution of adrenoleukodystrophy model systems
Ferrer, R. M., Heine, V. M., Kemp, S., & Engelen, M. (2020) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1002/jimd.12357 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Espinal, E. R., Sharp, S. J., & Kim, B. J. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2289-6_4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The year in review: progress in brain barriers and brain fluid research in 2018
Keep, R. F., Jones, H. C., & Drewes, L. R. (2019) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-019-0124-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Bougnères, P., & Le Stunff, C. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16050590 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Shimizu, Y., Nakamura, Y., Horibata, Y., Fujimaki, M., Hayashi, K., Uchida, N., Morita, H., Arai, R., Chibana, K., Takemasa, A., et al. (2020) · Regenerative Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.reth.2020.03.007 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effect of Bottlebrush Poloxamer Architecture on Binding to Liposomes
Hassler, J. F., Crabtree, A. A., Liberman, L., Bates, F. S., Hackel, B. J., & Lodge, T. P. (2022) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01274 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationRuano-Salguero, J. S., & Lee, K. H. (2018) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00662 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Advances and opportunities for hiPSC-derived models of the blood-brain barrier
Seo, H. S., Motallebnejad, P., & Azarin, S. M. (2020) · Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.coche.2020.05.006 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationPervaiz, I., & Al-Ahmad, A. J. (2022) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2289-6_3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wang, X., Mao, R., & Chen, W. (2018) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.911481 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pinto, H. N., Kok, N., Hauger, P. C., Diepen, M. K.-V., de Kok, M., Paauw, N. J., van der Pol, S. M. A., Nugteren‐Boogaard, J. P., Hordijk, P. L., Beekhuis-Hoekstra, S. D., et al. (2026) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202502114 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Easily misdiagnosed X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Liu, L.-Y., Gao, J., Hao, G.-Z., Chen, C., Lü, Q., Dun, S., Zhang, Q., et al. (2024) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-024-01669-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mondkar, P. P., Seo, H. S., Lodge, T. P., & Azarin, S. M. (2024) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00608 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationShim, Y. J., Shin, M. K., Jung, J., Koo, B., & Jang, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.996698 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Chapleau, A., Perrier, S., Durcan, T. M., & Bernard, G. (2025) · npj Genomic Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41525-025-00533-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Al-Ahmad, A. J. (2023) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2023_645 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Accelerated Course of Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy After Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection
Wang, Q., Wang, J., Wang, Y., He, W., Chen, F., Gao, J., Lu, Q., Wang, Y., Dun, S., Zhang, Q., et al. (2024) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.12.021 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Blood–Brain Barrier Is Unaffected in the Ndufs4−/− Mouse Model of Leigh Syndrome
Reynaud-Dulaurier, R., Clément, R., Yjjou, S., Cresson, C., Saoudi, Y., Faideau, M., & Decressac, M. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25094828 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Weber, C. M., Moiz, B., Kheradmand, M., Scott, A., Kettula, C., Wunderler, B., Vargas, V. A., & Clyne, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x241310729 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Crilly, S., & Lomora, M. (2025) · Bioactive Materials · doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.10.018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Human In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Models Derived from Stem Cells
Foreman, K. L., Palecek, S. P., & Shusta, E. V. (2022) · AAPS advances in the pharmaceutical sciences series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88773-5_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Yu, Y. F., Liu, T., Li, C., Tan, L., & Wen, S. (2025) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-024-03499-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Therapeutic Strategies for X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy, a Representative Peroxisomal Disorder
Morita, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1169-1_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hwang, R. W., Khalil, Y. A., Baumann, E., Huang, J., Charlebois, C., Rukhlova, M., Renner, T. M., Liu, Z., Jezierski, A., Kærn, M., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46961-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
In vitro blood–brain barrier model derived from human iPS cells and its applications
Zhang, H., Yamaguchi, T., & Kawabata, K. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822231-7.00003-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PRIMARY CULTURE AND IDENTIFICATION OF MOUSE BRAIN MICROVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Mingcheng, L. (2023) · Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology · doi:10.36359/scivp.2023-24-1.11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Al-Thani, M., Goodwin-Trotman, M., Bell, S., Patel, K., Fleming, L., Vilain, C. N., Abramowicz, M. J., Allan, S. M., Wang, T., Cader, M. Z., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.23.529680 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kinarivala, N., Morsy, A., Patel, R., Carmona, A. V., Sajib, M. S., Raut, S., Mikelis, C. M., Al-Ahmad, A. J., & Trippier, P. C. (2020) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.11493132
An AAV-Based Therapy Approach for Neurological Phenotypes of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Gornostal, E. A., Alsalloum, A., Degtyarev, E., Kuznetsova, E., Levashova, A., Mishina, D., Mingaleva, N., Mazloum, A., Bogdanov, V. P., Krupinova, J. A., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262311645
Additional file 1 of Easily misdiagnosed X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
Wang, Q.-H., Wang, Y.-Y., Wang, J., Liu, L.-Y., Gao, J., Hao, G.-Z., Chen, C., Lu, Q., Dun, S., Zhang, Q., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26157086
Weber, C. M., Moiz, B., Zic, S. M., Vargas, V. A., Li, A., & Clyne, A. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26552689
Jain, C. K., Maurya, S., Tripathi, P. K., & Mishra, D. (2026) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/202623301017
Poloxamer a multifunctional carrier for drug delivery
Goswami, R., Dey, D., & Dey, S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95363-4.00020-1
- Authors
- Lee, C. A. A., Seo, H. S., Armien, A. G., Bates, F. S., Tolar, J., & Azarin, S. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tolar, Jakub
- Azarin, Samira M.
- Venue
- Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
- Published
- 2018-04-04
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-9
- ISSN
- 2045-8118 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5883398
- OpenAlex
- W2796392395
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Fluids and Barriers of the CNS (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01AR063070)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
- Keywords
- childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, blood-brain barrier integrity, ABCD1 gene, iPSC-derived endothelial cells, transendothelial electrical resistance, lipid accumulation, blood-brain barrier permeability, lipid droplets
- MeSH terms
- Adrenoleukodystrophy, Blood-Brain Barrier, Capillary Permeability, Cell Differentiation, Cell Line, Humans, Models, Biological, Polymers, Electric Impedance, Neuroprotective Agents, Cell Culture Techniques, Endothelial Cells, Microvessels, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Transcriptome, Lipid Droplets
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
