Moving fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease from research tools to routine clinical diagnostics
Open accessAbstract
Four fluid-based biomarkers have been developed into diagnostic tests for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology: the ratio of 42 to 40 amino acid-long amyloid β, a marker of plaque pathology; total-tau and phosphorylated tau, markers of AD-related changes in tau metabolism and secretion; and neurofilament light, a marker of neurodegeneration. When measured in cerebrospinal fluid, these biomarkers can be used in clinical practice to support a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia due to AD. Recently, technological breakthroughs have made it possible to measure them in standard blood samples as well. Here, we give an updated account of the current state of the fluid-based AD biomarker research field. We discuss how the new blood tests may be used in research and clinical practice, and what role they may play in relation to more established diagnostic tests, such as CSF biomarkers and amyloid and tau positron emission tomography, to facilitate the effective implementation of future disease-modifying therapies.
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The iADRS and preclinical Alzheimer cognitive composite are clinical instruments designed to reveal treatment effects with greater sensitivity.
“One response to these problems has been the design of clinical instruments that purport to be able to reveal treatment effects with greater sensitivity: for example, the iADRS 83 or the preclinical Alzheimer cognitive composite 96 .”
From The amyloid hypothesis in Alzheimer disease: new insights from new therapeutics (2022) · cites this paper as [96]
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- Authors
- Zetterberg, H., & Blennow, K.
- Affiliations
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Zetterberg, Henrik
- Blennow, Kaj
- Venue
- Molecular Neurodegeneration
- Published
- 2021-02-19
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 10-10
- ISSN
- 1750-1326 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7893769
- OpenAlex
- W3133060003
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 16
- FWCI
- 6.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Neurodegeneration (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Gothenburg
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, fluid biomarkers, amyloid-beta 42/40 ratio, total tau, phosphorylated tau, neurofilament light chain, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, blood-based biomarkers, mild cognitive impairment, dementia diagnosis, amyloid PET, tau PET, disease-modifying therapy, clinical implementation
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Humans, Peptide Fragments, Biomarkers, Amyloid beta-Peptides, tau Proteins, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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