Adolescents’ mental health and maladaptive behaviors before the COVID-19 pandemic and 1-year after: analysis of trajectories over time and associated factors.
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Adolescents have been deeply exposed to negative consequences of social distancing imposed by Covid-19. There is a lack of longitudinal studies regarding the impact on adolescents of this unfavorable condition, and their results are controversial. The aim of the present prospective study is to assess psychopathological symptoms in adolescent students over time and to evaluate what type of impact the Covid-19 pandemic had on adolescents. Moreover, the association between mental health indexes, potential risk and resilience factors is explored. METHODS: Psychopathological symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression, stress, emotional dysregulation, maladaptive behaviours), and potential risk and resilience factors (i.e., childhood trauma, emotional regulation skills, family function, personality traits) were assessed among a sample of 153 students (72% female; mean age 16.1 ± 0.49), living in a medium-size city in the north of Italy, at two time points: before the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic (November 2019-January 2020) and 1 year later (April-May 2021). RESULTS: After 1 year, we found an increase in mean scores on anxiety, stress for future uncertainty, and higher frequency of maladaptive behaviours. By contrast, the level of stress related to social domains (i.e., school attendance, romantic relationships, peer pressure) decreased. Dysfunctional emotional regulation skills, childhood trauma, low family functioning, and specific personality traits were associated to higher psychopathological symptoms. Cluster analysis detected three groups of youths based on their change over time in psychopathological symptoms: those who worsened (N = 23; 15%), improved (N = 55; 34%), or remained stable (N = 75; 46%). After controlling for baseline mental health status, those adolescents reporting increase in self-harm (OR = 2.61; p < 0.001), binge-drinking (OR = 3.0; p = 0.007), aggressiveness (OR 1.92; p = 0.004), and binge-eating (OR 2.55; p = 0.003) were more likely to present a worsened mental health condition. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that the Covid-19 pandemic seems to have had a different impact on subgroups of students. Indeed, we found a global worsening of psychological well-being only in a subgroup of adolescents, otherwise other students remained stable or improved. Increased frequency of maladaptive behaviors was found as a predictor of worsened mental health, therefore interventions to strengthen emotional regulation strategies are warranted. Finally, the decrease of stress in social domains could be due to reduction of potential triggering situations, thus indicating only a temporary beneficial effect that requires careful monitoring.
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- Authors
- Pedrini, L., Meloni, S., Lanfredi, M., Ferrari, C., Geviti, A., Cattaneo, A., & Rossi, R.
- Affiliations
- Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (IT)
- University of Milan (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Pedrini, Laura
- ORCID
- Venue
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health
- Published
- 2022-06-10
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42-42
- ISSN
- 1753-2000 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9186010
- OpenAlex
- W4281720086
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 9.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Italian Ministry of Healt (GR-2018-12366754)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- adolescent mental health, COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing, psychiatric symptoms, anxiety, depression, stress, emotional dysregulation, maladaptive behavior, self-harm, binge drinking, binge eating, aggression, childhood trauma, family functioning, personality traits, resilience factors, longitudinal trajectories, risk factors, school students, Italy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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