Biorefinery cascade processing for creating added value on tomato industrial by-products from Tunisia
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BACKGROUND: In today's consumer perception of industrial processes and food production, aspects like food quality, human health, environmental safety, and energy security have become the keywords. Therefore, much effort has been extended toward adding value to biowastes of agri-food industries through biorefinery processing approaches. This study focused, for the first time, on the valorization of tomato by-products of a Tunisian industry for the recovery of value-added compounds using biorefinery cascade processing. RESULTS: experiments extracted 5.79% oleoresin, 410.53 mg lycopene/kg, and 31.38 mg β-carotene/kg from TP and 26.29% oil, 27.84 mg lycopene/kg, and 5.25 mg β-carotene/kg from TS, on dry weights. Protein extraction yields, nearing 30% of the initial protein contents equal to 13.28% in TP and 39.26% in TS, revealed that TP and TS are a rich source of essential amino acids. LHW treatment run at 120-200 °C, 50 bar for 30 min showed that a temperature of 160 °C was the most convenient for cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis from TP and TS, while keeping the degradation products low. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that tomato by-products are not only a green source of lycopene-rich oleoresin and tomato seed oil (TSO) and of protein with good nutritional quality but also a source of lignocellulosic matter with potential for bioethanol production. This study would provide an important reference for the concept and the feasibility of the cascade fractionation of valuable compounds from tomato industrial by-products.Graphical abstractSchema of biorefinery cascade processing of tomato industrial by-products toward isolation of valuable fractions.
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Lycopene, β-Carotene, protein and oil were extracted from tomato waste valorization by applying a biorefinery approach.
“Lycopene, β-Carotene, protein and oil were extracted from tomato waste valorization by applying a biorefinery approach.”
From Food Waste Biorefinery: Pathway towards Circular Bioeconomy (2021) · cites this paper as [136]
The valorization of tomato waste by supercritical CO2 extraction produced about 437.5 mg of lycopene and 36.5 mg β-Carotene.
“The valorization of tomato waste by supercritical CO2 extraction produced about 437.5 mg of lycopene and 36.5 mg β-Carotene [136].”
From Food Waste Biorefinery: Pathway towards Circular Bioeconomy (2021) · cites this paper as [136]
The application of supercritical CO2 extraction yields about 410.5 mg lycopene, 31.5 mg β-carotene from a kg of tomato peels and 27 mg lycopene, 5 mg β-carotene from a kg of tomato seeds.
“The application of supercritical CO2 extraction yields about 410.5 mg lycopene, 31.5 mg β-carotene from a kg of tomato peels and 27 mg lycopene, 5 mg β-carotene from a kg of tomato seeds [136].”
From Food Waste Biorefinery: Pathway towards Circular Bioeconomy (2021) · cites this paper as [136]
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Liang, Y., Zhang, Y., Hu, L., Zhang, W., & Huang, J. (2025) · ACS Applied Polymer Materials · doi:10.1021/acsapm.4c03245 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Review on Bioethanol Production from Fruit Peels
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Scaling up of food waste valorization market outlooks: key concerns
Meena, R. A. A., Ghosh, A., Sathishkumar, P., & Jayabalan, R. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818353-3.00019-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Elalami, D., & Barakat, A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85223-4.00008-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Schmidt, L. M., Pérez, V., & Kaltschmitt, M. (2018) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.107 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Supercritical fluids for the extraction of oleoresins and plant phenolics
Lee, W. J., Suleiman, N., Hadzir, N. H. N., & Chong, G.-H. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817388-6.00012-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Chemical pretreatment in lignocellulosic biomass, anaerobic digestion, and biomethanation
Omondi, E. A., & Kegode, A. A. (2023) · Clean Energy Science and Technology · doi:10.18686/cest.v1i2.70 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Recent trends on the food wastes valorization to value-added commodities
Mehmood, T., Nadeem, F., Bilal, M., & Iqbal, H. M. N. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823139-5.00009-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Valorization of Tomato Waste for Energy Production
Valenzuela, M. E. M., & Restovic, F. (2019) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781788016247-00245 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Santangelo, E., Carnevale, M., Migliori, C. A., Picarella, M. E., Dono, G., Mazzucato, A., & Gallucci, F. (2020) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105735 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tomato pomace: a source of the plant polyester cutin to develop bio-based materials
Escórcio, R., Bento, A., & Pereira, C. S. (2025) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2025.108901 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bayat, H., Cheng, F., Dehghanizadeh, M., & Brewer, C. E. (2021) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02140 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Introduction to agro-industrial waste
Tariq, A., Bhawani, S. A., Moheman, A., & Alotaibi, K. M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823349-8.00008-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Underutilized sources of carotenoids
Contreras, M. D. M., & Gómez‐Caravaca, A. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817067-0.00004-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sillanpää, M. E. T., & Ncibi, M. C. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815267-6.00004-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Upgrading of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Agroindustrial Wastes
Kheiralla, Z. H., El‐Gendy, N. S., Ahmed, H. A., Shaltout, T. H., & Hussein, M. M. D. (2018) · Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology · doi:10.4172/1948-5948.1000394 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Biofuels production: Biogas, biodiesel and bioethanol from tomato wastes
Tamošiūnas, A., Khiari, B., & Jeguirim, M. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822866-1.00003-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gizaw, D. G., Periyasamy, S., Redda, Z. T., Jayakumar, M., & Kavitha, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-48143-7_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Compressed Fluids for Food By-product Biorefinery
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Supercritical Fluid Extraction to Valorise Fruit and Vegetable by-Products
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Zimmermann, A., Scherzinger, M., & Kaltschmitt, M. (2023) · Bioresources and Bioprocessing · doi:10.1186/s40643-023-00679-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Green and Sustainable Extraction of High‐Value Compounds
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Kehili, M., Zammel, A., Zetzl, C., Smirnova, I. V., Allouche, N., & Sayadi, S. (2017) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_343 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Other Uses of Tomato By-products
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An Economic Added Value Analysis of Ready-To-Drink Prebiotic Candidate Milk
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Phytochemicals from Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) By-Products
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Alternative parts and offcuts: discovering flavor in overlooked portions
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Prospective LCA-based optimisation of tomato waste drying for biorefinery purposes
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Integrating functional foods and by-products into daily life: Practical approaches
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- Authors
- Kehili, M., Schmidt, L. M., Reynolds, W., Zammel, A., Zetzl, C., Smirnova, I., Allouche, N., & Sayadi, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Sfax (TN)
- Hamburg University of Technology (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Allouche, Noureddine
- Venue
- Biotechnology for Biofuels
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 261-261
- ISSN
- 1754-6834 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5133755
- OpenAlex
- W2558479284
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 4.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Biotechnology for Biofuels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- tub.dok (Hamburg University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- TUHH Open Research (cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › General Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Bioeconomy and Sustainability Development
- Keywords
- tomato by-products, lycopene, tomato seed oil, oleoresin, protein extraction, essential amino acids, lignocellulose hydrolysis, hemicellulose, cellulose, bioethanol
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