Effects of acids pre-treatment on the microbial fermentation process for bioethanol production from microalgae
Open accessAbstract
Microalgae are one of the promising feedstock that consists of high carbohydrate content which can be converted into bioethanol. Pre-treatment is one of the critical steps required to release fermentable sugars to be used in the microbial fermentation process. In this study, the reducing sugar concentration of Chlorella species was investigated by pre-treating the biomass with dilute sulfuric acid and acetic acid at different concentrations 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% (v/v). 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, FTIR, and GC-FID were employed to evaluate the reducing sugar concentration, functional groups of alcohol bonds and concentration of bioethanol, respectively. The two-way ANOVA results ( p < 0.05) indicated that there was a significant difference in the concentration and type of acids towards bioethanol production. The highest bioethanol yield obtained was 0.28 g ethanol/g microalgae which was found in microalgae sample pre-treated with 5% (v/v) sulfuric acid while 0.23 g ethanol/g microalgal biomass was presented in microalgae sample pre-treated with 5% (v/v) acetic acid. The application of acid pre-treatment on microalgae for bioethanol production will contribute to higher effectiveness and lower energy consumption compared to other pre-treatment methods. The findings from this study are essential for the commercial production of bioethanol from microalgae.
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Acid pretreatment degrades polysaccharides, lowers energy consumption, and increases sugar yields, making it cost-efficient compared to other pretreatment technologies.
“It also degrades polysaccharides, lowers energy consumption, and increases sugar yields, making it a cost-efficient option compared to other pretreatment technologies [197].”
From A Review of Algae-Based Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (Algae-Based CCUS) (2024) · cites this paper as [197]
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Improving the Yield of Xenocoumacin 1 Enabled by In Situ Product Removal
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“The peak between 3500 and 3200 cm − 1 is stated to represent alcohol and phenol by lik-ening the FTIR outcomes acquired in this research with those from previous investigations [34].”
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“The hydrolyzate from the enzymatic hydrolysis is fermented by introducing S. cerevisiae grown in an agar inoculum with 5 g/L of peptone, 2.5 g/L of malt, 8 g/L of glucose, 12 g/L of agar, and yeast extract, maintained at 4°C (Phwan et al. 2019).”
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Microalgae as a sustainable feedstock for biofuels: Advances, challenges, and future prospects
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Wastewater and Solid Waste as Feedstock for Energy Production
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Efficient conversion of cornstalk to bioethanol using dilute H2SO4 pretreatment
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“Pretreatment of microalgal biomass is necessary to release and transform the complex carbohydrates into simple sugars before the fermentation process because of the high concentration of carbohydrates embedded in the cell wall [23].”
A Review on Carbon Dioxide Mitigation and Sustainable Energy Production Through Algal Biorefineries
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Bioethanol Production from Microalgae: Potentials and Challenges
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“Acid pretreatment is widely applied for cellulosic materials conversion due to its high efficiency and low cost [8, 20].”
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Enhancement of oil dispersion and marine oil snow formation by surface-active biomasses from diatom
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Dodangodage, C. A., Gamage, G. N., Halwatura, R. H., Kasturiarachchi, J. C., Perera, T. A., Rajapakshe, D., Niyangoda, S. S., & Halwatura, R. U. (2026) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2026.1816065 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bioethanol and biobutanol production using algal biomass: pathways and industrial applications
Pathania, R., Saxena, P., Sahoo, S., & Kundu, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Fuels · doi:10.3389/ffuel.2026.1805792 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Recent Advancements in Microalgae-Based Biofuel Production
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Meng, T. K., Harun, R., & Kassim, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology · doi:10.7324/jabb.2021.9601 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Marine cyanobacterial biomass is an efficient feedstock for fungal bioprocesses
Gupta, J. K., Jain, K. K., Kaushal, M., Upton, D. J., Joshi, M. D., Pachauri, P., Wood, A. J., Yazdani, S. S., & Srivastava, S. (2024) · Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts · doi:10.1186/s13068-024-02469-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Enzymatic Saccharification of Laminaria japonica by Cellulase for the Production of Reducing Sugars
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Panoramic View about Microalgae Biomass as Waste-to-Energy: A Biorefinery Concept
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“…at 3 % acid concentration (v/v) with 200 watts irradiation power for 50 min at 150 °C, resulted in reducing sugar of 97.06 g/L. Phwan et al. [16] reported that low acid concentration with high temperature is preferred over high acid concentration because it will not cause the degradation of…”
MethodInfluentialBiobutanol, the forgotten biofuel candidate: latest research and future directions
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Production of Sugar from Cassava Peel using Different Chemical Pre-treatment
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“Besides, [68] reported that a low concentration of acid at a high temperature is preferable to a high concentration of acid because it prevents the degradation”
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“The loss on ignition (L.O.I.) ranged between 8 and 10 wt%, accounting for volatile organic compounds and moisture content released during thermal treatment (Phwan et al., 2019).”
Sarma, S., & Saha, R. (2025) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-025-06523-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The FTIR results obtained for the bioethanol in this study are in good agreement with other reports [48].”
Microalgae Biomass as a Feedstock for Bioethanol
Anschau, A., de Lima, D. B., Garcia, E. P. R., Guimarães, M. D., Oliveira, S. D. S., & Montanher, P. F. (2025) · Developments in applied phycology. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86433-9_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Optimization of alkali-treated poplar fiber saccharification using metal ions and surfactants
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- Authors
- Phwan, C. K., Chew, K. W., Sebayang, A. H., Ong, H. C., Ling, T. C., Malek, M. A., Ho, Y.-C., & Show, P. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Malaya (MY)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Universiti Teknologi Petronas (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Show, Pau Loke
- Venue
- Biotechnology for Biofuels
- Published
- 2019-07-31
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 191-191
- ISSN
- 1754-6834 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6668136
- OpenAlex
- W2966314663
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 5.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biotechnology for Biofuels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The University of Malaya Research Repository (University of Malaya) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2015/SG05/UNIM/03/1)
- iRMC Bold 2025, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (RJO 1043 6494)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
- Keywords
- microalgae, bioethanol production, acid pretreatment, sulfuric acid pretreatment, acetic acid pretreatment, Chlorella, reducing sugars, fermentable sugars, microbial fermentation, ethanol yield
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