Cited by 143Biofuel production and bioconversionAlgal biology and biofuel productionAnaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production

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Effects of acids pre-treatment on the microbial fermentation process for bioethanol production from microalgae

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Phwan, Chai Kee, Chew, Kit Wayne, Sebayang, Abdi Hanra, Ong, Hwai Chyuan, Ling, Tau Chuan, Malek, Marlinda Abdul, Ho, Yeek-Chia, Show, Pau Loke·2019·Biotechnology for Biofuels

DOI 10.1186/s13068-019-1533-5PMC PMC6668136

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Abstract

Microalgae are one of the promising feedstock that consists of high carbohydrate content which can be converted into bioethanol. Pre-treatment is one of the critical steps required to release fermentable sugars to be used in the microbial fermentation process. In this study, the reducing sugar concentration of Chlorella species was investigated by pre-treating the biomass with dilute sulfuric acid and acetic acid at different concentrations 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9% (v/v). 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method, FTIR, and GC-FID were employed to evaluate the reducing sugar concentration, functional groups of alcohol bonds and concentration of bioethanol, respectively. The two-way ANOVA results ( p < 0.05) indicated that there was a significant difference in the concentration and type of acids towards bioethanol production. The highest bioethanol yield obtained was 0.28 g ethanol/g microalgae which was found in microalgae sample pre-treated with 5% (v/v) sulfuric acid while 0.23 g ethanol/g microalgal biomass was presented in microalgae sample pre-treated with 5% (v/v) acetic acid. The application of acid pre-treatment on microalgae for bioethanol production will contribute to higher effectiveness and lower energy consumption compared to other pre-treatment methods. The findings from this study are essential for the commercial production of bioethanol from microalgae.

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Fig. 1 Experimental set up of the fermentation processCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 2 Reducing sugar concentration of Chlorella pre-treated by a dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4 and b acetic acid, CH3COOH in different concentrations versus fermentation time from 12 to 84 hCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 3 Difference between reducing sugar concentration (g/L) of Chlorella after pre-treatment with H2SO4 and CH3COOH and after 84 h fermentation processCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 4 FTIR spectroscopy analysis illustrates the comparison of bioethanol produced from Chlorella with pre-treatment by H2SO4 and CH3COOHCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 5 Concentration of ethanol detected by GC-FIDCC BY · PubMed Central

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“Acid pretreatment is widely applied for cellulosic materials conversion due to its high efficiency and low cost [8, 20].”
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“…at 3 % acid concentration (v/v) with 200 watts irradiation power for 50 min at 150 °C, resulted in reducing sugar of 97.06 g/L. Phwan et al. [16] reported that low acid concentration with high temperature is preferred over high acid concentration because it will not cause the degradation of…”
MethodInfluential
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“Besides, [68] reported that a low concentration of acid at a high temperature is preferable to a high concentration of acid because it prevents the degradation”
Background
Integration approach of microalgae cultivation with biomethanation derived wastewater as nutrient source for sustainable bioethanol production
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“The loss on ignition (L.O.I.) ranged between 8 and 10 wt%, accounting for volatile organic compounds and moisture content released during thermal treatment (Phwan et al., 2019).”
Production and characterization of bioethanol from spent Camellia sinensis leaves using heterogeneous nanocatalysts
Sarma, S., & Saha, R. (2025) · Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery · doi:10.1007/s13399-025-06523-7 · Cited by 3
“The FTIR results obtained for the bioethanol in this study are in good agreement with other reports [48].”
Microalgae Biomass as a Feedstock for Bioethanol
Anschau, A., de Lima, D. B., Garcia, E. P. R., Guimarães, M. D., Oliveira, S. D. S., & Montanher, P. F. (2025) · Developments in applied phycology. · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86433-9_8 · Cited by 3
Optimization of alkali-treated poplar fiber saccharification using metal ions and surfactants
Feng, F., Zeng, B., Ouyang, S., zhong, Y., & Chen, J. (2020) · Bioengineered · doi:10.1080/21655979.2020.1857576 · Cited by 3

Authors: Phwan, C. K., Chew, K. W., Sebayang, A. H., Ong, H. C., Ling, T. C., Malek, M. A., Ho, Y.-C., & Show, P. L.
Affiliations: University of Malaya (MY)
University of Nottingham (GB)
Universiti Teknologi Petronas (MY)
Corresponding author: Show, Pau Loke
ORCID: Chew, Kit Wayne
Sebayang, Abdi Hanra
Ong, Hwai Chyuan
Ling, Tau Chuan
Ho, Yeek-Chia
Show, Pau Loke
Venue: Biotechnology for Biofuels
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2019-07-31
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 191-191
ISSN: 1754-6834 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1533-5
PMC: PMC6668136
OpenAlex: W2966314663
Cited by: 143
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 1
FWCI: 5.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Biotechnology for Biofuels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
The University of Malaya Research Repository (University of Malaya) (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2015/SG05/UNIM/03/1)
iRMC Bold 2025, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (RJO 1043 6494)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production
Keywords: microalgae, bioethanol production, acid pretreatment, sulfuric acid pretreatment, acetic acid pretreatment, Chlorella, reducing sugars, fermentable sugars, microbial fermentation, ethanol yield

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Effects of acids pre-treatment on the microbial fermentation process for bioethanol production from microalgae

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