Evaluation of the interaction between insecticide resistance-associated genes and malaria transmission in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in central Côte d’Ivoire
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Abstract Background There is evidence that the knockdown resistance gene (Kdr) L1014F and acetylcholinesterase-1 gene (Ace-1R) G119S mutations involved in pyrethroid and carbamate resistance in Anopheles gambiae influence malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. This is likely due to changes in the behaviour, life history and vector competence and capacity of An. gambiae. In the present study, performed as part of a two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of household screening plus a novel insecticide delivery system (In2Care Eave Tubes), we investigated the distribution of insecticide target site mutations and their association with infection status in wild An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) populations. Methods Mosquitoes were captured in 40 villages around Bouaké by human landing catch from May 2017 to April 2019. Randomly selected samples of An. gambiae s.l. that were infected or not infected with Plasmodium sp. were identified to species and then genotyped for Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S mutations using quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. The frequencies of the two alleles were compared between Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae and then between infected and uninfected groups for each species. Results The presence of An. gambiae (49%) and An. coluzzii (51%) was confirmed in Bouaké. Individuals of both species infected with Plasmodium parasites were found. Over the study period, the average frequency of the Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S mutations did not vary significantly between study arms. However, the frequencies of the Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S resistance alleles were significantly higher in An. gambiae than in An. coluzzii [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 59.64 (30.81–131.63) for Kdr, and 2.79 (2.17–3.60) for Ace-1R]. For both species, there were no significant differences in Kdr L1014F or Ace-1R G119S genotypic and allelic frequency distributions between infected and uninfected specimens (P > 0.05). Conclusions Either alone or in combination, Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S showed no significant association with Plasmodium infection in wild An. gambiae and An. coluzzii, demonstrating the similar competence of these species for Plasmodium transmission in Bouaké. Additional factors including behavioural and environmental ones that influence vector competence in natural populations, and those other than allele measurements (metabolic resistance factors) that contribute to resistance, should be considered when establishing the existence of a link between insecticide resistance and vector competence. Graphical Abstract
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There was a high frequency of both kdr and ace1R genes in An. gambiae and An. coluzzii, with a higher frequency for An. gambiae.
“Consistent with recent studies carried out in the area of Bouaké [7, 9, 13, 36], there was a high frequency of both kdr and ace1R genes in An. gambiae and An. coluzzii, with a higher frequency for An. gambiae; probably due to selection pressure through the use of insecticide.”
From Entomological indicators of malaria transmission prior to a cluster-randomized controlled trial of a 'lethal house lure' intervention in central Côte d'Ivoire (2022) · cites this paper as [36]
The Results table reports higher frequencies of both resistance alleles in An. gambiae than in An. coluzzii. It supports a high Kdr frequency, but Ace-1R allele frequencies were 6.67–21.07% across the two species and study arms, so describing both genes as highly frequent overstates the finding. The Discussion presents insecticide-driven selection as a possibility, not an established cause. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Sadia, C. G., Bonneville, J., Zoh, M. G., Fodjo, B. K., Kouadio, F.-P. A., Oyou, S. K., Koudou, B. G., Adepo-Gourene, B. A., Reynaud, S., David, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26689424
Zahouli, J. Z. B., Edi, C., Yao, L. A., Lisro, E. G., Adou, M., Koné, I., Small, G. J., Sternberg, E. D., & Koudou, B. G. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608352
Self-citationZahouli, J. Z. B., Edi, C., Yao, L. A., Lisro, E. G., Adou, M., Koné, I., Small, G. J., Sternberg, E. D., & Koudou, B. G. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608364
Self-citationSadia, C. G., Bonneville, J., Zoh, M. G., Fodjo, B. K., Kouadio, F.-P. A., Oyou, S. K., Koudou, B. G., Adepo-Gourene, B. A., Reynaud, S., David, J., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26689427
Zahouli, J. Z. B., Edi, C., Yao, L. A., Lisro, E. G., Adou, M., Koné, I., Small, G. J., Sternberg, E. D., & Koudou, B. G. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22608361
Self-citationYao, R. K., Bilgo, E. M., Berenger Aristide, A. K. O., Coulibaly, I. Z., Essoh, C., Belem, L. R. W., Amara, M. F., Gnada, K., Diabate, A., & Gomgnimbou, M. K. (2026) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2026.108045
Insecticide resistance and malaria transmission: divergent effects on Anopheles vector competence
Adeboye, S. O., Nwinyi, O. C., & Ayanda, O. I. (2026) · Microbial Pathogenesis · doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108557
- Authors
- Wolie, R. Z., Koffi, A. A., Ahoua Alou, L. P., Sternberg, E. D., N’Nan-Alla, O., Dahounto, A., Yapo, F. H. A., Kanh, K. M. H., Camara, S., Oumbouke, W. A., Tia, I. Z., Nguetta, S.-P. A., Thomas, M. B., & NGuessan, R.
- Affiliations
- Institut National de Santé Publique (CI)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny (CI)
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium (GB)
- Université Alassane Ouattara (CI)
- Corresponding author
- Wolie, Rosine Z.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Parasites & Vectors
- Published
- 2021-11-20
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 581-581
- ISSN
- 1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8605510
- OpenAlex
- W3214926804
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 4.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1131603)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
- Keywords
- Anopheles gambiae s.l., Anopheles coluzzii, insecticide resistance, acetylcholinesterase 1, malaria transmission, malaria, vector competence
- MeSH terms
- Mosquito Vectors, Animals, Anopheles, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticides, Cote d'Ivoire, Malaria, Mosquito Control, Plasmodium, Genes, Insect
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