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Cited by 132Microbial infections and disease researchAnimal Virus Infections StudiesAnimal health and immunology

Understanding the mechanisms of viral and bacterial coinfections in bovine respiratory disease: a comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence

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Gaudino, Maria, Nagamine, Brandy, Ducatez, Mariette F., Meyer, Gilles·2022·Veterinary Research
DOI 10.1186/s13567-022-01086-1PMC PMC9449274
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Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most important diseases impacting the global cattle industry, resulting in significant economic loss. Commonly referred to as shipping fever, BRD is especially concerning for young calves during transport when they are most susceptible to developing disease. Despite years of extensive study, managing BRD remains challenging as its aetiology involves complex interactions between pathogens, environmental and host factors. While at the beginning of the twentieth century, scientists believed that BRD was only caused by bacterial infections (“bovine pasteurellosis”), we now know that viruses play a key role in BRD induction. Mixtures of pathogenic bacteria and viruses are frequently isolated from respiratory secretions of animals with respiratory illness. The increased diagnostic screening data has changed our understanding of pathogens contributing to BRD development. In this review, we aim to comprehensively examine experimental evidence from all existing studies performed to understand coinfections between respiratory pathogens in cattle. Despite the fact that pneumonia has not always been successfully reproduced by in vivo calf modelling, several studies attempted to investigate the clinical significance of interactions between different pathogens. The most studied model of pneumonia induction has been reproduced by a primary viral infection followed by a secondary bacterial superinfection, with strong evidence suggesting this could potentially be one of the most common scenarios during BRD onset. Different in vitro studies indicated that viral priming may increase bacterial adherence and colonization of the respiratory tract, suggesting a possible mechanism underpinning bronchopneumonia onset in cattle. In addition, a few in vivo studies on viral coinfections and bacterial coinfections demonstrated that a primary viral infection could also increase the pathogenicity of a secondary viral infection and, similarly, dual infections with two bacterial pathogens could increase the severity of BRD lesions. Therefore, different scenarios of pathogen dynamics could be hypothesized for BRD onset which are not limited to a primary viral infection followed by a secondary bacterial superinfection.

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  • Viral agents such as BRSV, BHV-1, BVDV, influenza D virus, bovine rhinitis viruses, bovine coronaviruses, and parainfluenza-3 virus weaken immune defenses of calves, paving the way for bacterial infections that lead to serious respiratory issues.

    “Viral agents, such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), influenza D virus, bovine rhinitis viruses, bovine coronaviruses, parainfluenza-3 virus, and others, further weaken the immune defenses of calves, paving the way for bacterial infections that lead to serious respiratory issues [13,47,48].”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [13]

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  • The emergence of BRD is driven by an intricate interplay of pathogens, environmental factors, and host-specific characteristics, complicating management and prevention particularly in young calves and during transport.

    “The emergence of BRD is driven by an intricate interplay of pathogens, environmental factors, and host-specific characteristics, which complicates its management and prevention—particularly in young calves and during phases of transport [13,38].”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [13]

  • Variations in case definitions across research hinder the ability to accurately measure BRD incidence and prevalence.

    “Variations in case definitions across research also hinder the ability to accurately measure the disease’s incidence and prevalence [11,12,13,14].”

    From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [13]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) says that differences among experimental studies make the impact of coinfection difficult to compare. It does not link variations in BRD case definitions to the accuracy of incidence or prevalence estimates. Searches for case definitions and for difficulty estimating incidence or prevalence found no passage addressing that link. (LLM, conf=0.72)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Gaudino, M., Nagamine, B., Ducatez, M. F., & Meyer, G.
Affiliations
École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (FR)
Corresponding author
  • Ducatez, Mariette F.
  • Meyer, Gilles
ORCID
Venue
Veterinary Research
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-09-06
Volume
53
Issue
1
Pages
70-70
ISSN
  • 0928-4249 (ISSN-L)
  • 1297-9716
DOI
10.1186/s13567-022-01086-1
PMC
PMC9449274
OpenAlex
W4294845227
Cited by
132
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 43 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 1
FWCI
2.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Veterinary Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-15-CE35-0005)
  • ICRAD (ANR-21-ICRD-0007)
  • INRAE (DSA)
  • Région occitanie
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
Keywords
bovine respiratory disease, viral-bacterial coinfection, superinfection, bovine pasteurellosis, viral-bacterial interactions, bacterial adhesion, respiratory tract colonization, bronchopneumonia, cattle, pathogen interactions
MeSH terms
Animals, Bacteria, Cattle, Cattle Diseases, Pasteurella Infections, Respiratory System, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Virus Diseases, Superinfection, Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex, Coinfection

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