Food Animals and Antimicrobials: Impacts on Human Health
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SUMMARY: Antimicrobials are valuable therapeutics whose efficacy is seriously compromised by the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The provision of antibiotics to food animals encompasses a wide variety of nontherapeutic purposes that include growth promotion. The concern over resistance emergence and spread to people by nontherapeutic use of antimicrobials has led to conflicted practices and opinions. Considerable evidence supported the removal of nontherapeutic antimicrobials (NTAs) in Europe, based on the “precautionary principle.” Still, concrete scientific evidence of the favorable versus unfavorable consequences of NTAs is not clear to all stakeholders. Substantial data show elevated antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with animals fed NTAs and their food products. This resistance spreads to other animals and humans—directly by contact and indirectly via the food chain, water, air, and manured and sludge-fertilized soils. Modern genetic techniques are making advances in deciphering the ecological impact of NTAs, but modeling efforts are thwarted by deficits in key knowledge of microbial and antibiotic loads at each stage of the transmission chain. Still, the substantial and expanding volume of evidence reporting animal-to-human spread of resistant bacteria, including that arising from use of NTAs, supports eliminating NTA use in order to reduce the growing environmental load of resistance genes.
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Food animals and workers on farms using AGPs harbor more antibiotic-resistant bacteria compared to those from farms not using AGPs.
“Food animals and workers on farms using AGPs harbor more antibiotic-resistant bacteria compared to those from farms not using AGPs [92].”
From The Food Production Environment and the Development of Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Pathogens of Animal Origin (2017) · cites this paper as [92]
Consequently, it has since been widely documented that antimicrobial use in food animals correlates not only with the emergence of bacterial multidrug resistance but also with the spread of infectious diseases that are recalcitrant to efficacious chemotherapy in humans.
“Consequently, it has since been widely documented that antimicrobial use in food animals correlates not only with the emergence of bacterial multidrug resistance but also with the spread of infectious diseases that are recalcitrant to efficacious chemotherapy in humans [92,114,123,124].”
From The Food Production Environment and the Development of Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Pathogens of Animal Origin (2017) · cites this paper as [92]
Policy practices implemented in Europe in which antimicrobial non-therapeutic uses are completely banned (e.g., avoparcin and virginiamycin) in agriculture settings have resulted in reductions in both the prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and in the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for clinically relevant antimicrobials, such as vancomycin.
“Policy practices implemented in Europe in which antimicrobial non-therapeutic uses are completely banned (e.g., avoparcin and virginiamycin) in agriculture settings have resulted in reductions in both the prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens and in the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for clinically relevant antimicrobials, such as vancomycin [92,124].”
From The Food Production Environment and the Development of Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Pathogens of Animal Origin (2017) · cites this paper as [92]
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- Authors
- Marshall, B. M., & Levy, S. B.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levy, Stuart B.
- ORCID
- Levy, Stuart B.
- Venue
- Clinical Microbiology Reviews
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 718-733
- ISSN
- 0893-8512 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-6618
- PMC
- PMC3194830
- OpenAlex
- W2101571099
- Cited by
- 2,241
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 109 · 2025: 118 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 208 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 236 · 2020: 241 · 2019: 197 · 2018: 155 · 2017: 162 · 2016: 133 · 2015: 121 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 50.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Microbiology Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Keywords
- growth promotion, antimicrobial resistance, food-producing animals, zoonotic transmission, drug-resistant bacteria, food chain, precautionary principle, antibiotic use regulation, human health
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Husbandry, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Drug Residues, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Europe, Humans, Meat, Risk Factors, Food Safety
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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