Childhood PFAS Exposure and Immunotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Studies
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may affect infant and childhood health through immunosuppression. However, the findings of epidemiological literature examining relationships between prenatal/childhood PFAS exposure and vaccine response and infection in humans are still inconclusive. The aim of this review was to examine the effects of PFAS exposure on vaccine antibody response and infection in humans. METHODS: The MEDLINE/Pubmed database was searched for publications until 1 February 2023 to identify human studies on PFAS exposure and human health. Eligible for inclusion studies had to have an epidemiological study design and must have performed logistic regression analyses of gestational or childhood exposure to PFAS against either antibody levels for pediatric vaccines or the occurrence of children's infectious diseases. Information on baseline exposure to PFAS (in ng/mL), the age of PFAS exposure (gestational or in years), and the outcome was measured, potentially leading to multiple exposure-outcome comparisons within each study was collected. Percentage change and standard errors of antibody titers and occurrence of infectious diseases per doubling of PFAS exposure were calculated, and a quality assessment of each study was performed. RESULTS: Seventeen articles were identified matching the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. In general, a small decrease in antibody response and some associations between PFAS exposure and childhood infections were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis summarizes the findings of PFAS effects on infant and childhood immune health. The immunosuppression findings for infections yielded suggestive evidence related to PFAS exposure, particularly PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA but moderate to no evidence regarding antibody titer reduction. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: The research protocol of this systematic review is registered and accessible at the Open Science Framework ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/5M2VU ).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A recent meta-analysis found possible associations-particularly with PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA-between PFAS exposure and higher infection risk in infants and children, although evidence for suppressed antibody responses remains modest.
“A recent meta-analysis reinforces these concerns, finding possible associations—particularly with PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA—between PFAS exposure and higher infection risk in infants and children, although the evidence for suppressed antibody responses remains modest [86].”
From Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Healthcare: Environmental and Clinical Insights (2025) · cites this paper as [86]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n71 · Cited by 108,283 · see citing works
Dermyshi, E., Wang, Y., Yan, C., Hong, W., Qiu, G., Gong, X., & Zhang, T. (2017) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000454668 · Cited by 24,577 · see citing works
GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction—GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables
Guyatt, G., Oxman, A. D., Akl, E. A., Kunz, R., Vist, G., Brozek, J., Norris, S., Falck-Ytter, Y., Glasziou, P., & deBeer, H. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026 · Cited by 10,681 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system (GRADE) was used to evaluate the quality of evidence for each immune and infectious disease outcome [18].”
MethodUS Environmental Protection Agency
Liu, X. (1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-4455 · Cited by 5,887 · see citing works
Buck, R. C., Franklin, J., Berger, U., Conder, J. M., Cousins, I. T., de Voogt, P., Jensen, A. A., Kannan, K., Mabury, S. A., & van Leeuwen, S. P. (2011) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.258 · Cited by 4,641 · see citing works
Norderyd, O. M., Koch, G., Papias, A., Köhler, A. A., Helkimo, A. N., Brahm, C., Lindmark, U., Lindfors, N., Mattsson, A., Rolander, B., et al. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 3,584 · see citing works
A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments
Pollard, A. J., & Bijker, E. M. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7 · Cited by 1,593 · see citing works
Immune cell migration in inflammation: present and future therapeutic targets
Luster, A. D., Alon, R., & von Andrian, U. H. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1275 · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works
Risk to human health related to the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in food
Panel), E. P. O. C. I. T. F. C. (. C., Schrenk, D., Bignami, M., Bodin, L., Chipman, J. K., del Mazo, J., Grasl‐Kraupp, B., Hogstrand, C., Hoogenboom, L. (., Leblanc, J., et al. (2020) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223 · Cited by 989 · see citing works
Serum Vaccine Antibody Concentrations in Children Exposed to Perfluorinated Compounds
Grandjean, P., Andersen, E. W., Budtz-Jørgensen, E., Nielsen, F., Mølbak, K., Weihe, P., & Heilmann, C. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.2034 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Interpretation of tests of heterogeneity and bias in meta-analysis
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2008) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2008.00986.x · Cited by 696 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[17].”
Granum, B., Haug, L. S., Namork, E., Stølevik, S. B., Thomsen, C., Aaberge, I. S., van Loveren, H., Løvik, M., & Nygaard, U. C. (2013) · Journal of Immunotoxicology · doi:10.3109/1547691x.2012.755580 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Serum Levels of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and Pregnancy Outcome
Stein, C. R., Savitz, D. A., & Dougan, M. (2009) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp212 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
DeWitt, J. C., Blossom, S. J., & Schaider, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-018-0097-y · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Grandjean, P., Heilmann, C. J., Weihe, P., Nielsen, F., Mogensen, U. B., Timmermann, C. A. G., & Budtz–Jørgensen, E. (2017) · Journal of Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/1547691x.2017.1360968 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Abraham, K., Mielke, H., Fromme, H., Völkel, W., Menzel, J., Peiser, M., Zepp, F., Willich, S. N., & Weikert, C. (2020) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02715-4 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Serum Vaccine Antibody Concentrations in Adolescents Exposed to Perfluorinated Compounds
Grandjean, P., Heilmann, C. J., Weihe, P., Nielsen, F., Mogensen, U. B., & Budtz–Jørgensen, E. (2016) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp275 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Stein, C. R., McGovern, K. J., Pajak, A., Maglione, P. J., & Wolff, M. S. (2015) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2015.213 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Chang, E. T., Adami, H., Boffetta, P., Wedner, H. J., & Mandel, J. S. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2015.1122573 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
von Holst, H., Nayak, P., Dembek, Z., Buehler, S., Echeverria, D., Fallacara, D., & John, L. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08160 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Okada, E., Sasaki, S., Saijo, Y., Washino, N., Miyashita, C., Kobayashi, S., Konishi, K., Ito, Y. M., Ito, R., Nakata, A., et al. (2011) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2011.10.003 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Dalsager, L., Christensen, N., Husby, S., Kyhl, H. B., Nielsen, F., Høst, A., Grandjean, P., & Jensen, T. K. (2016) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.026 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Impinen, A. O., Nygaard, U. C., Carlsen, K. C. L., Mowinckel, P., Carlsen, K. ‐., Haug, L. S., & Granum, B. B. (2017) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.012 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Impinen, A., Longnecker, M. P., Nygaard, U. C., London, S. J., Ferguson, K. K., Haug, L. S., & Granum, B. B. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.041 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids and prevalence of infectious diseases up to 4 years of age
Goudarzi, H., Miyashita, C., Okada, E., Kashino, I., Chen, C., Ito, S., Araki, A., Kobayashi, S., Matsuura, H., & Kishi, R. (2017) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.024 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Lee, Y. J., Jung, H. W., Kim, H. Y., Choi, Y.-J., & Lee, Y. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.683297 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Timmermann, C. A. G., Jensen, K. J., Nielsen, F., Budtz–Jørgensen, E., van der Klis, F. R. M., Benn, C. S., Grandjean, P., & Fisker, A. B. (2020) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp6517 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Dalsager, L., Christensen, N., Halekoh, U., Timmermann, C. A. G., Nielsen, F., Kyhl, H. B., Husby, S., Grandjean, P., Jensen, T. K., & Andersen, H. R. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106395 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Structural equation modeling of immunotoxicity associated with exposure to perfluorinated alkylates
Mogensen, U. B., Grandjean, P., Heilmann, C. J., Nielsen, F., Weihe, P., & Budtz–Jørgensen, E. (2015) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-015-0032-9 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Bamai, Y. A., Goudarzi, H., Araki, A., Okada, E., Kashino, I., Miyashita, C., & Kishi, R. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105979 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Fei, C., McLaughlin, J. K., Lipworth, L. P., & Olsen, J. (2010) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2010.08.004 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Lin, P. D., Cárdenas, A., Hauser, R. B., Gold, D. R., KLEINMAN, K. P., Hivert, M., Calafat, A. M., Webster, T. F., Horton, E. S., & Oken, E. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106789 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Antoniou, E. E., Colnot, T., Zeegers, M. P., & Dekant, W. (2022) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-022-03303-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationZeng, X., Bloom, M. S., Dharmage, S. C., Lodge, C., Chen, D., Li, S., Guo, Y., Roponen, M., Jalava, P., Hirvonen, M., et al. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.325 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Mustieles, V., Sun, Y., Oulhote, Y., Wang, Y.-X., & Messerlian, C. (2022) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107239 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Developmental immunotoxicity of chemicals in rodents and its possible regulatory impact
Hessel, E. V. S., Tonk, E. C. M., Bos, P. M. J., Loveren, H. V., & Piersma, A. H. (2014) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.3109/10408444.2014.959163 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [11]ATSDR. Toxicological profile for perfluoroalkyls [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US); 2021 [cited 2024 Jan 8]. (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Toxicological Profiles). Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK592143/.
- [15]Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review software. Melbourne, Australia; Available from: www.covidence.org. Accessed 1 Dec 2023.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
PFAS: The Journey from Wonder Chemicals to Environmental Nightmares and the Search for Solutions
Perera, D. C., & Meegoda, J. N. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14198611 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Briassoulis, G., Ilia, S., & Briassouli, E. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15071057 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Thakur, A., Khusnutdinova, A. N., Navarro-Márquez, M., Kumar, V., Ma, H., Golyshin, P. N., Lyu, T., Yakunin, A. F., Kumar, G., Nithya, K., et al. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119374 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Abuduxukuer, K., Wang, H.-N., Wang, C., Luo, X., Zeng, X.-L., Da, D.-X., Yu, J., Lu, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., et al. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109411 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the rivers of the Western United States
Sims, D. B., Monk, J., Woldetsadik, D. A., Hudson, A. C., Garner, M. C., Lindley, K., Piacentini, J. C., Buch, A. C., Cohu, C. M., Duvall, C. S., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-024-06269-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) alter immune responses from THP-1 human monocytes
McCall, J. R., Sausman, K. T., & Mead, R. N. (2026) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2026.104938 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
van Melis, L. V. J., Persad, A. R., Peerdeman, A. M., van Rossum, M. J. H., van Kleef, R. G. D. M., Wopken, J. P., Legler, J., & Westerink, R. H. S. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180214 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pulster, E. L., Firesinger, D. F., Petali, J., McCarthy, C., & Adams, D. H. (2026) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2026.123997 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Importance of post-translational protein modifications in PFAS toxicity
Safreena, N., Chandra, G., Thirumalaikumar, V. P., & Cannon, J. R. (2025) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2025.154260 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bautista, A., Fernández‐Tardón, G., Rodríguez-Suárez, M. M., Tardón, A., Bravo, N., Garí, M., Grimalt, J. O., Llorca, M., & Farré, M. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31050900 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Toxicological Effects and Health Impacts of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Humans
Ma, J., Gao, G., Meng, B., Wei, X., Zhao, L., & Ge, Z. (2026) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics14050374 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rosen, E. M., Crawford, L., Hoffmann, S., Skidmore, B., Porter, A. K., Halperin, S. A., & Longnecker, M. P. (2025) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2025.114571 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cheng, Q., Lv, C., Li, Y., Song, H., Li, S., Li, D., Han, Y., Zhao, F., & Lin, Q. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118496 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chavaligino, I. R., Mumangi, W. N., Mtei, R. P., Zamisa, M. K., Onyari, E. K., & Madirisha, M. M. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research · doi:10.1007/s41742-025-00978-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Maternal and Perinatal Factors That Influence Susceptibility to Childhood Infections
Todd, I. M. F., He, W., Nassar, N., & Burgner, D. P. (2025) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000004865 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, X., Fang, Y., Song, J., Sha, H., Zhang, L., & Li, Q. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119103 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Carraro, S., Nisio, A. D., Piazza, M., Gualtiero, G., Cennamo, M., Altinier, S., Cinetto, F., Rattazzi, M., Ceccato, J., Vianello, F., et al. (2026) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110357 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The PFAS Conundrum—Of Logic, Science, Policy
Hanekamp, J. C., Bergkamp, L., Briggs, W. M., & Wilson, M. (2025) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics13100885 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, H., Liang, Y., Sun, J.-R., Linares, J., Russell, W. K., & Khan, M. F. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127367 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PFAS and Human Health—Epidemiological Evidence
Nakayama, S. F. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Chemistry · doi:10.5985/jec.36.s59 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Congener-Specific Modulation of Humoral Effector Activity in Eisenia fetida Following PFAS Exposure
Rotondo, D., Gualandris, D., Calisi, A., Manfredi, M., & Dondero, F. (2026) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments13060345 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Marquès, M., Gil‐Solsona, R., González-Ruiz, A., Restrepo-Montes, E., Megía, A., Ballesteros, M., Domingo, J. L., Navas‐Acién, A., Miller, G. W., Covaci, A., et al. (2026) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6c02272 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
van Beijsterveldt, I. A. L. P., Dorrepaal, D. J., van Zelst, B. D., der Zee, L. C. V. V., Mulder, M. T., van den Berg, S. A., & Hokken‐Koelega, A. C. S. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2025.106555
Xu, S., Jiang, W., Chen, F., Li, Y., Tang, H., Ye, Z., Liu, C., & Zhu, X. (2026) · Environmental Technology · doi:10.1080/09593330.2025.2598122
Sonsuzluk Kimyasalları (PFAS): Yüzeysel ve Yeraltı Su Kaynaklarında Kalıcı Bir Tehdit
Türk, O. K., & Çakmakçı, M. (2026) · Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences · doi:10.35229/jaes.1745903
Chinchio, E., Casati, S., Clerbaux, L., & Bopp, S. K. (2026) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114784
Qiu, M., Yang, J., Pang, Y., Wen, Y., Yang, L., Li, G., Yang, Q., & Liu, L. (2026) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-026-04373-4
Multi-omics integration identifies PFOS-associated immune signatures in Kawasaki disease
Quan, J., Tu, J., Li, D., Zhang, Z., Xue, L., Li, T., & Xi, S. (2026) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110279
Lin, C., Wang, Z., Wang, H. T., Fu, X., Zhang, S., & Yang, H. (2026) · Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.31083/ceog48278
Hollister, J., Porter, C., Xiang, B., Beitel, S. C., Rivers, P. S., Lutrick, K., Burgess, J. L., & Ellingson, K. (2026) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004484
Associations of maternal PFAS exposure with offspring growth trajectories from birth to age 2 years
Yang, L., Bai, L., Wang, X., Xi, J., Liu, Y., Zou, X., Miao, M., Yan, W., Yuan, W., Ji, H., et al. (2026) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110392
Deng, B., Xia, X., & Sun, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1892134
Thierse, H., Sommerkorn, K., Sy, M. M., Tarnow, P., Luch, A., & Siewert, K. (2026) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-026-04511-y
Zhang, C., Liu, B., Jiang, T., Chen, C., Meng, Q., Sun, S., Li, S., Zhao, Z., Dai, Y., Di, D., et al. (2026) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-026-06690-0
Sur, R., Bartlett, R., Becker, B., Hueser, A., Kluxen, F. M., Laabs, V., Mehta, J. M., Melching‐Kollmuss, S., Sauer, U. G., Scorgie, E., et al. (2026) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-026-04530-9
Dietary and social predictors of PFAS exposure in Hispanic children from Northern Virginia
Mohsin, R., Gerona, R. R. L., Gallo, S., Jones, M. T., McKay, A. J., Mehlenbeck, R., Krall, J. R., Espina, V. A., Tomer, D., Sanchez, V. G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/s41370-026-00975-3
Hasegawa, K., Inaba, Y., Saito, S., Shibazaki, T., Iwai‐Shimada, M., Tatsuta, N., Kamijima, M., Tsukahara, T., & Nomiyama, T. (2026) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114924
Rekindling Hildegard’s Inheritance: viriditas and ariditas in Times of Ecological Crisis
Doeland, L. (2026) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel17111263
- Authors
- Antoniou, E. E., & Dekant, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Antoniou, Evangelia E.
- Venue
- Systematic Reviews
- Published
- 2024-07-09
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 176-176
- ISSN
- 2046-4053 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11232141
- OpenAlex
- W4400460673
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 1.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- 3M
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Synthesis and properties of polymers
- Keywords
- PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, children's exposure, prenatal exposure, immunotoxicity, immunosuppression, vaccine antibody response, vaccine antibody titers, pediatric infection, PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, PFHxS, PFNA, endocrine disruptors
- MeSH terms
- Antibody Formation, Child, Child, Preschool, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Infant, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Vaccines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
