Oxidative Stress in Female Athletes Using Combined Oral Contraceptives
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress in female athletes is understudied. We investigated oxidative stress in sportswomen of different disciplines according to combined oral contraceptive (OC) use and lifestyle/alimentary habits. METHODS: ) were analyzed; 48 % were volleyball players, 12.5 % soccer players, 10.4 % track-and-field sports, and followed by other disciplines' athletes. Oxidative stress was evaluated by free oxygen radical test (FORT) assessing blood hydroperoxides and free oxygen radical defense (FORD) assay evaluating antioxidant capacity in OC users (n = 42) compared to non-OC users. RESULTS: Elevated oxidative stress levels (≥310 FORT units) were found in 92.9 % of OC users and in 23.5 % of non-OC users (crude OR = 42, 95 % CI 12-149, p < 0.001; adjusted OR = 60, 95 % CI 11-322, p < 0.001). Continuous values of hydroperoxides were twofold higher in OC users versus non-OC users (median 484 versus 270 FORT units, p < 0.001) and were inversely related to FORD units in OC users (p = 0.01). Hydroperoxides were not associated with weekly hours of exercise. In OC users, lifestyle/alimentary habits were not correlated to hydroperoxides. In non-OC users only, hydroperoxide values were positively correlated with weight and BMI and inversely correlated with chocolate and fish consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The markedly elevated oxidative stress we revealed in OC-user athletes could be detrimental to physical activity and elevate cardiovascular risk (as thromboembolism). Further research is needed to extend our results, to clarify the biochemical pathways leading to increased hydroperoxides (mainly lipid peroxides) and reduced antioxidant defense, and to elucidate the potential effects on athletic performance. OC use should be considered when developing gender-focused strategies against oxidative stress.
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Increases in C-reactive protein levels through glucose tolerance testing of Olympic female athletes on COC have been observed, indicative of an upregulated inflammatory response.
“increases in C-reactive protein levels, through glucose tolerance testing of Olympic female athletes on COC, have been observed, indicative of an upregulated inflammatory response [180]”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [180]
The Discussion (page unavailable) mentions OC effects on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in female athletes and identifies it as a biomarker of inflammation. It does not report a CRP increase, glucose tolerance testing, or an Olympic-athlete sample; this study measured oxidative stress using hydroperoxide assays instead. (LLM, conf=0.80)
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- Authors
- Cauci, S., Buligan, C., Marangone, M., & Francescato, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Udine (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Cauci, Sabina
- Venue
- Sports Medicine - Open
- Published
- 2016-09-21
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 40-40
- ISSN
- 2198-9761 (ISSN-L)
- 2199-1170
- PMC
- PMC5031583
- OpenAlex
- W2521750556
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Sports Medicine - Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System (University of Udine) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Udine University grants (2013-2015)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- oxidative stress, female athletes, combined oral contraceptives, lipid peroxidation, hydroperoxides, antioxidant capacity, physical activity, lifestyle habits, cardiovascular risk, thromboembolism, athletic performance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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