Discrimination and delusional ideation
Open accessAbstract
Background: In the UK and The Netherlands, people with high rates of psychosis are chronically exposed to discrimination. Aims: To test whether perceived discrimination is associated longitudinally with onset of psychosis. Method: A 3-year prospective study of cohorts with no history of psychosis and differential rates of reported discrimination on the basis of age, gender, disability, appearance, skin colour or ethnicity and sexual orientation was conducted in the Dutch general population (n=4076). The main outcome was onset of psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations). Results: The rate of delusional ideation was 0.5% (n=19) in those who did not report discrimination, 0.9% (n=4) in those who reported discrimination in one domain, and 2.7% (n=3) in those who reported discrimination in more than one domain (exact P=0.027). This association remained after adjustment for possible confounders. No association was found between baseline discrimination and onset of hallucinatory experiences. Conclusions: Perceived discrimination may induce delusional ideation and thus contribute to the high observed rates of psychotic disorder in exposed minority populations.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Childhood adversity, and interpersonal trauma specifically, have been linked to the development of PEs, and there is evidence linking current adverse environments - characterized by racial discrimination, migrant status and low social capital - with psychosis.
“Childhood adversity 25,26 , and interpersonal trauma specifically 27 , have been linked to the development of PEs, and there is evidence linking current adverse environments -characterized by racial discrimination 28 , migrant status 29 and low social capital 30 -with psychosis.”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [28]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126 · see citing works
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799 · Cited by 11,090 · see citing works
Pearlin, L. I., & Schooler, C. (1978) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136319 · Cited by 7,791 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…tests completed at baseline were the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, a ten-item, four-point Likert scale yielding a global self-esteem score (Rosenberg, 1965), the 14-item Groningen Neuroticism Scale (Ormel, 1980) and a five-item mastery scale indicating locus of control (Pearlin & Schooler, 1978).”
MethodKessler, R. C., Mickelson, K. D., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676349 · Cited by 2,233 · see citing works
Race, socioeconomic status, and health. The added effects of racism and discrimination
WILLIAMS, D. R. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x · Cited by 1,522 · see citing works
Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.11.1869 · Cited by 1,452 · see citing works
Children's Self-Reported Psychotic Symptoms and Adult Schizophreniform Disorder
Poulton, R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Cannon, M. D., Murray, R. M., & Harrington, H. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1053 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population?
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., & Ravelli, A. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00224-8 · Cited by 893 · see citing works
Self-citationPERSECUTORY DELUSIONS: A REVIEW AND THEORETICAL INTEGRATION
Bentall, R. P., Corcoran, R., Howard, R. J., Blackwood, N., & Kinderman, P. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00106-4 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Relation Between Racial Discrimination, Social Class, and Health Among Ethnic Minority Groups
Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. Y. (2002) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.92.4.624 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Prevalence of Psychotic Disorder and Community Level of Psychotic Symptoms
van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., & Vollebergh, W. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.7.663 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Self-citationBoydell, J. E., van Os, J., McKenzie, K. J., Allardyce, J., Goel, R., McCreadie, R. G., & Murray, R. M. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7325.1336 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Self-citationA prospective study of severe mental disorder in Afro-Caribbean patients
Harrison, G. L., Owens, D., Holton, A., Neilson, D., & Boot, D. (1988) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700008321 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
de Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., Smit, F., Ravelli, A., & Vollebergh, W. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/152.11.1039 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroticism and low self-esteem as risk factors for psychosis
A, L. K. M., Janssen, I., Bak, M., Bijl, R. V., de Graaf, R., & van Os, J. (2002) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s127-002-8207-y · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationOccurrence of hallucinatory experiences in a community sample and ethnic variations
Johns, L., Nazroo, J. Y., Bebbington, P., & Kuipers, E. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.2.174 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
First admission rates for schizophrenia in immigrants to the Netherlands
Selten, J. P., & Sijben, N. (1994) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00805625 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Krieger, N., & Sidney, S. S. (1997) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.2190/hpb8-5m2n-vk6x-0fwn · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Psychosis with good prognosis in Afro-Caribbean people now living in the United Kingdom
McKenzie, K. J., van Os, J., Fahy, T., et al. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7016.1325 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationLife events, ethnicity and perceptions of discrimination in patients with severe mental illness
Gilvarry, C. M., Walsh, E., Samele, C., et al. (1999) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050181 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Ethnicity, class and schizotypy
Sharpley, M., & PETERS, E. R. (1999) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050168 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Premorbid abnormalities in mania, schizomania, acute schizophrenia and chronic schizophrenia
van Os, J., Takei, N., Castle, D. J., Wessely, S. C., Der, G., & Murray, R. M. (1995) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00805794 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
van Os, J., Linscott, R. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003814 · Cited by 2,343 · see citing works
Self-citationA systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health
Paradies, Y. (2006) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyl056 · Cited by 1,681 · see citing works
Schizophrenia and migration: A meta-analysis and review
Cantor-Graae, E., & Selten, J.-P. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.1.12 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Linscott, R. J., & van Os, J. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001626 · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Self-citationMore than skin deep: Stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial discrimination
Berger, M., & Sarnyai, Z. (2015) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2014.989204 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
van Winkel, R., Stefanis, N. C., & Myin-Germeys, I. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn101 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Bentall, R. P., Wickham, S., Shevlin, M., & Varese, F. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs049 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
From adversity to psychosis: pathways and mechanisms from specific adversities to specific symptoms
Bentall, R. P., de Sousa, P., Varese, F., Wickham, S., Sitko, K., Haarmans, M., & Read, J. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0914-0 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Bentall, R. P., Rowse, G., Shryane, N., Kinderman, P., Howard, R., Blackwood, N., Moore, R., & Corcoran, R. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.1 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Wiles, N. J., Zammit, S., Bebbington, P., Singleton, N., Meltzer, H., & Lewis, G. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.012179 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Social Adversity in Childhood and the Risk of Developing Psychosis: A National Cohort Study
Wicks, S., Hjern, A., Gunnell, D., Lewis, G., & Dalman, C. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1652 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
King, M., Walker, C., Levy, G., Bottomley, C., Royston, P., Weich, S., Bellón-Saameño, J. Á., Moreno, B., Švab, I., Rotar, D., et al. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.12.1368 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Read, J., Bentall, R. P., & Fosse, R. (2009) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00000257 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Peters, E., Ward, T., Jackson, M., Morgan, C., Charalambides, M., McGuire, P., Woodruff, P., Jacobsen, P., Chadwick, P., & Garety, P. A. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20301 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Child Maltreatment and Psychosis: A Return to a Genuinely Integrated Bio-Psycho-Social Model
Read, J., Fink, P., Rudegeair, T., Felitti, V., & Whitfield, C. (2008) · Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses · doi:10.3371/csrp.2.3.5 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Moutoussis, M., Williams, J., Dayan, P., & Bentall, R. P. (2007) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800701566686 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Berg, A. O., Melle, I., Rossberg, J. I., Romm, K. L., Larsson, S., Lagerberg, T. V., Andreassen, O. A., & Hauff, E. (2011) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-11-77 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Bentall, R. P., Rouse, G., Kinderman, P., Blackwood, N., Howard, R., Moore, R., Cummins, S., & Corcoran, R. (2008) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31817108db · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cognitive biases and auditory verbal hallucinations in healthy and clinical individuals
Daalman, K., Sommer, I. E. C., Derks, E. M., & Peters, E. R. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000275 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
- Authors
- Janssen, I., Hanssen, M., Bak, M., Bijl, R. V., De Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W., McKenzie, K., & Van Os, J.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Trimbos Institute (NL)
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2003-01-02
- Volume
- 182
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 71-76
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W1543677032
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Ethnicity and Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- perceived discrimination, delusional ideation, transition to psychosis, psychotic symptoms, hallucinations, minority groups, ethnic discrimination, sexual orientation discrimination, disability, appearance-based discrimination, skin colour, longitudinal cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Delusions, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Minority Groups, Netherlands, Prejudice, Prospective Studies, Psychotic Disorders, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
