The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): Rationale and Standardisation
Abstract
Over 75 years ago, Bleuler (1911) confronted psychiatry with the question of ‘schizophrenia’ or ‘schizophrenias'. Today we recognise the heterogeneity of the condition, but we are still groping at efforts to clarify the different subtypes or subprocesses. Over the decades there have been various attempts to subclassify schizophrenia and tease apart the syndromes, none of which has been entirely successful. More recently, as a result of the work by Crow (1980) in England and Strauss et al (1974) in the USA, it has been proposed that two distinct syndromes can be discerned from the phenomenological profiles. The positive syndrome consists of productive features superadded to the mental status, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganised thinking. The negative syndrome represents absence of normal functions, such as deficits in the cognitive, affective, and social realms.
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“Participants’ mental health status was measured using the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1989), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF; American Psychiatric Association, 2002) and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery & Åsberg, 1979).”
From Cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in people with established psychotic illnesses: baseline data from the IMPaCT randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as Kay et al. 1989
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Cites
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 · Cited by 21,378
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799 · Cited by 11,090
(1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 8,899
Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias
(1951) · Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1951.02920270079043 · Cited by 4,407
Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Definition and Reliability
Andreasen, N. C. (1982) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290070020005 · Cited by 2,247
Reliability and validity of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenics
Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P. (1988) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(88)90038-8 · Cited by 1,007
The Prediction of Outcome in Schizophrenia
Strauss, J. S. (1974) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760130021003 · Cited by 645
Part III. Speculations on the Processes That Underlie Schizophrenic Symptoms and Signs
Strauss, J., Carpenter, W. T., & Bartko, J. J. (1974) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/1.11.61 · Cited by 574
Positive and Negative Schizophrenic Symptoms and the Role of Dopamine
Crow, T. J. (1980) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000071919 · Cited by 563
Treatment of Negative Symptoms
Carpenter, W. T., Heinrichs, D. W., & Alphs, L. D. (1985) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/11.3.440 · Cited by 508
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Opler, 1987, Positive and Negative Symptoms in Psychosis: Description, Research, and Future Directions in Positive and Negative Symptoms in Psychosis: Description, Research, and Future Directions, 124
- Kay, 1981, Arousal and schizophrenia: Toward a dual-process model and framework for research, JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 11
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HADDOCK, G., McCARRON, J., TARRIER, N., & FARAGHER, E. B. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008661 · Cited by 1,461
“1977) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1989).”
BackgroundMethod"Theory of Mind" in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Literature
Brune, M. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi002 · Cited by 1,044
D'Souza, D. C., Perry, E., MacDougall, L., Ammerman, Y., Cooper, T., Wu, Y.-T., Braley, G., Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300496 · Cited by 1,024
“PANSS subscale scores, VAS scores, CADSS clinician, and CADSS subject ratings were analyzed using the %LD_F2 SAS macro (Brunner et al, 2002) with dose (placebo, low, high) and time (P10, P80, P200) as between-subject factors.”
MethodInfluentialSommermeyer, D., Hudecek, M., Kosasih, P. L., Gogishvili, T., Maloney, D. G., Turtle, C. J., & Riddell, S. R. (2015) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2015.247 · Cited by 888
Anatomically related grey and white matter abnormalities in adolescent-onset schizophrenia
Douaud, G., Smith, S. M., Jenkinson, M., Behrens, T. E. J., Johansen‐Berg, H., Vickers, J., James, S., Voets, N., Watkins, K. E., Matthews, P. M., et al. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm184 · Cited by 781
“In addition, the participants were administered the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kay, Stanley R.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 1989-11
- Volume
- 155
- Issue
- S7
- Pages
- 59-65
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W1688754235
- Cited by
- 1,016
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- PANSS, schizophrenia, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, symptom classification, psychometric properties, delusions, hallucinations
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Disease, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Pimozide, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology
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