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The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): Rationale and Standardisation
Abstract
Over 75 years ago, Bleuler (1911) confronted psychiatry with the question of ‘schizophrenia’ or ‘schizophrenias'. Today we recognise the heterogeneity of the condition, but we are still groping at efforts to clarify the different subtypes or subprocesses. Over the decades there have been various attempts to subclassify schizophrenia and tease apart the syndromes, none of which has been entirely successful. More recently, as a result of the work by Crow (1980) in England and Strauss et al (1974) in the USA, it has been proposed that two distinct syndromes can be discerned from the phenomenological profiles. The positive syndrome consists of productive features superadded to the mental status, such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganised thinking. The negative syndrome represents absence of normal functions, such as deficits in the cognitive, affective, and social realms.
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“Participants’ mental health status was measured using the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1989), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF; American Psychiatric Association, 2002) and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery & Åsberg, 1979).”
From Cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in people with established psychotic illnesses: baseline data from the IMPaCT randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as Kay et al. 1989
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Cites
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HADDOCK, G., McCARRON, J., TARRIER, N., & FARAGHER, E. B. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008661 · Cited by 1,461
“1977) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1989).”
BackgroundMethod"Theory of Mind" in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Literature
Brune, M. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi002 · Cited by 1,044
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“PANSS subscale scores, VAS scores, CADSS clinician, and CADSS subject ratings were analyzed using the %LD_F2 SAS macro (Brunner et al, 2002) with dose (placebo, low, high) and time (P10, P80, P200) as between-subject factors.”
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Anatomically related grey and white matter abnormalities in adolescent-onset schizophrenia
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“In addition, the participants were administered the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodInfluentialD’Souza, D. C., Abi-Saab, W. M., Madonick, S., Forselius-Bielen, K., Doersch, A., Braley, G., Gueorguieva, R., Cooper, T. B., & Krystal, J. H. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.006 · Cited by 617
Quetiapine in Patients With Schizophrenia
Small, J. G. (1997) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830180067009 · Cited by 482
Emotion recognition, ‘theory of mind,’ and social behavior in schizophrenia
Brüne, M. (2005) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.10.007 · Cited by 466
“Most remarkably, no association could be found between executive functioning and psychopathology as measured using the PANSS (Kay et al., 1989), or social behavioral problems as assessed using the SBS (Wykes and Sturt, 1986).”
MethodDelBello, M. P., Schwiers, M., ROSENBERG, H. L., & Strakowski, S. M. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200210000-00011 · Cited by 436
“Secondary efficacy measures included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Positive subscale (PANSS-P) and the Children’s Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) to assess the severity of psychotic (Kay et al., 1989) and depressive symptoms (Poznanski et al.”
BackgroundMethodThe factor structure for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in recent-onset psychosis
Emsley, R. A., Rabinowitz, J., & Torreman, M. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00302-x · Cited by 387
Daniel, D. G. (1999) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00090-6 · Cited by 376
“The following efficacy variables were used to evaluate the efficacy of ziprasidone: PANSS total score (the sum of all 30 items); the PANSS negative subscale score (the sum of the seven negative items on PANSS); the CGIseverity (CGI-S) score, ranging from 1 (normal) to 7 (most severely ill) (National Institutes of Ment…”
MethodInfluentialLewis, S. W., Tarrier, N., Haddock, G., Bentall, R. P., Kinderman, P., Kingdon, D., Siddle, R., Drake, R., Everitt, J., Leadley, K., et al. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.181.43.s91 · Cited by 374
Rates and correlates of employment in people with schizophrenia in the UK, France and Germany.
Marwaha, S., Johnson, S., Bebbington, P., Stafford, M., Angermeyer, M., Brugha, T., Azorin, J., Kilian, R., Hansen, K., & Toumi, M. (2007) · The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.020982 · Cited by 370
“An effective health service based on choice requires fundamental changes to managerial and information systems, more time for consultations and a highly coordinated system to guide patients to appropriate care settings once choices have been made (Goodwin, 2006). At an individual level, Schwartz (2004) contends that t…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAttitudes Toward Antipsychotic Medication
Day, J. C., Bentall, R. P., Roberts, C., Randall, F., Rogers, A. E., Cattell, D., Healy, D., Rae, P., & Power, C. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.7.717 · Cited by 364
“The PANSS produces a normal distribution of scores, is internally consistent, and has demonstrated stability and reliability.(28) Before the study, the research assistants were trained to administer the PANSS and achieved adequate interrater reliability (at least 80% agreement for each subscale and at least 24 of 30 s…”
MethodImprovement of schizophrenic patients’ subjective well-being under atypical antipsychotic drugs
Naber, D., Moritz, S., Lambert, M., Rajonk, F., Holzbach, R., Mass, R., Andresen, B., Frank, P., Rüdiger, H., Reinhard, M. A., et al. (2001) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(00)00166-3 · Cited by 349
Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Agonist and Peripheral Antagonist for Schizophrenia
Brannan, S. K., Sawchak, S. T., Miller, A., Lieberman, J. A., Paul, S. M., & Breier, A. F. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2017015 · Cited by 343
Natural History of Schizophrenia Subtypes
Fenton, W. S. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810350018003 · Cited by 338
Pollak, P. (2004) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.029868 · Cited by 331
Sowing the seeds of doubt: a narrative review on metacognitive training in schizophrenia
Moritz, S., Andreou, C., Schneider, B. C., Wittekind, C. E., Menon, M., Balzan, R. P., & Woodward, T. S. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.004 · Cited by 325
Krystal, J. H., Perry, E. B., Gueorguieva, R., Belger, A., Madonick, S. H., Abi-Dargham, A., Cooper, T. B., MacDougall, L., Abi-Saab, W., & D’Souza, D. C. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.985 · Cited by 317
“Schizophrenia symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).(38) This study analyzed PANSS data according to an empirically derived PANSS factor structure(39) rather Table.”
MethodNegative symptoms: the ‘pathology’ of motivation and goal-directed behaviour
Brown, R. G., & Pluck, G. C. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01626-x · Cited by 297
Morrison, P. D., Zois, V., McKeown, D. A., Lee, T. D., Holt, D. W., Powell, J. F., Kapur, S., & Murray, R. M. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005522 · Cited by 298
“This work used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1989), an investigatorrated scale, to measure THC psychosis (D’Souza et al. 2004).”
MethodInfluentialKrystal, J. H., Abi-Saab, W., Perry, E., D’Souza, D. C., Liu, N., Gueorguieva, R., McDougall, L., Hunsberger, T., Belger, A., Levine, L., et al. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1982-8 · Cited by 272
“The positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS) (Kay et al. 1989) was administered at 120, 245, 345, 500, and 530 min following LY354740 administration (the latter two ratings were safety measures used only to document the return to baseline before discharge on each test day; since this occurred in all cases, these da…”
MethodInfluentialThe negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A cognitive perspective
Rector, N. A., Beck, A. T., & Stolar, N. (2005) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370505000503 · Cited by 268
The Positive-Negative Distinction in Schizophrenia
McGlashan, T. H. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820010063008 · Cited by 269
Margolese, H., Malchy, L., Negrete, J., Tempier, R., & Gill, K. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00523-6 · Cited by 277
Keck, P. E., Buffenstein, A., Ferguson, J. M., Feighner, J. P., Jaffe, W., Harrigan, E. P., & Morrissey, M. R. (1998) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050755 · Cited by 265
D’Souza, D. C., Ranganathan, M., Braley, G., Gueorguieva, R. V., Zimolo, Z., Cooper, T. B., Perry, E. B., & Krystal, J. H. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301643 · Cited by 271
Ehrenreich, H., Hinze‐Selch, D., Stawicki, S., Aust, C., Knolle-Veentjer, S., Wilms, S., Heinz, G., Erdag, S., Jahn, H., Degner, D., et al. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001907 · Cited by 260
Brüne, M., Abdel-Hamid, M., Lehmkämper, C., & Sonntag, C. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.006 · Cited by 288
Emerging perspectives from the hearing voices movement: implications for research and practice
Corstens, D., Longden, E., McCarthy-Jones, S., Waddingham, R., & Thomas, N. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu007 · Cited by 256
“Most generally, trials consider whether people with a schizophrenia diagnosis are rated as demonstrating short-term reductions in overall psychotic symptomatology on measures such as the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.47 When voices are focused on more specifically, the most widely used outcome variable has been…”
MethodKaul, I., Sawchak, S. T., Correll, C. U., Kakar, R., Breier, A. F., Zhu, H., Miller, A., Paul, S. M., & Brannan, S. K. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02190-6 · Cited by 255
A Double-Blind Randomized Pilot Study Comparing Quetiapine and Divalproex for Adolescent Mania
DelBello, M. P., Kowatch, R. A., Adler, C. M., Stanford, K. E., Welge, J. A., Barzman, D. H., Nelson, E. B., & Strakowski, S. M. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000194567.63289.97 · Cited by 233
Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hindley, G., Beck, K., Borgan, F., Ginestet, C. E., McCutcheon, R. A., Kleinloog, D., Ganesh, S., Radhakrishnan, R., D’Souza, D. C., & Howes, O. D. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30074-2 · Cited by 229
Clozapine in drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease
(1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)00860-0 · Cited by 229
Developing a new apathy measurement scale: Dimensional Apathy Scale
Radaković, R., & Abrahams, S. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.010 · Cited by 226
McDonald, C., Marshall, N., Sham, P. C., Bullmore, E. T., Schulze, K., Chapple, B., Bramon, E., Filbey, F. M., Quraishi, S. N., Walshe, M., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.478 · Cited by 224
“The patients with bipolar disorder had lower PANSS scores than the patients with schizophrenia.”
MethodKrystal, J. H., Rosenheck, R. A., Cramer, J. A., Vessicchio, J. C., Jones, K. M., Vertrees, J. E., Horney, R. A., Huang, G. D., Stock, C. J., & for the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study No. 504 Group (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1080 · Cited by 223
Religious delusions in patients admitted to hospital with schizophrenia
Siddle, R., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., & Faragher, E. B. (2002) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270200005 · Cited by 218
Dickerson, F., Boronow, J. J., Stallings, C. R., Origoni, A. E., Ruslanova, I., & Yolken, R. H. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.466 · Cited by 207
“At the screening visit, a blood sample was obtained and patients were interviewed and rated on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).(50) Patients were also administered form A of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS).”
Efficacy of a protein kinase C inhibitor (tamoxifen) in the treatment of acute mania: a pilot study
Zarate, C. A., Singh, J. B., Carlson, P. J., Quiroz, J., Jolkovsky, L., Luckenbaugh, D. A., & Manji, H. K. (2007) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00530.x · Cited by 208
Dysfunction of the social brain in schizophrenia is modulated by intention type: An fMRI study
Walter, H., Ciaramidaro, A., Adenzato, M., Vasić, N., Ardito, R. B., Erk, S., & Bara, B. G. (2009) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsn047 · Cited by 207
“, 2005), the BPRS was complemented by the negative symptoms subscale, as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodStability of the five-factor structure of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
Lançon, C., Auquier, P., Nayt, G., & Reine, G. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00129-2 · Cited by 205
Brüne, M., & Bodenstein, L. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.11.006 · Cited by 208
“Psychopathology was measured using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS; Kay et al., 1989).”
Citrome, L., Volavka, J., Czobor, P., Sheitman, B., Lindenmayer, J., McEvoy, J. P., Cooper, T. B., Chakos, M., & Lieberman, J. A. (2001) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.11.1510 · Cited by 200
Neuropsychological functioning in first-episode psychosis — evidence of specific deficits
Riley, E., McGovern, D., Mockler, D., Doku, V. C. K., O’Ceallaigh, S., Fannon, D. G., Tennakoon, L., Santamaria, M., Soni, W., Morris, R. G., et al. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00177-2 · Cited by 200
Are the available apathy measures reliable and valid? A review of the psychometric evidence
Clarke, D. E., Ko, J. Y., Kuhl, E. A., van Reekum, R., Salvador, R., & Marin, R. S. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.01.012 · Cited by 199
“83) were reported for the PANSS-NS subscale [72,73,75–77].”
BackgroundZhang, X. Y., Zhou, D. F., Zhang, P. Y., Wu, G. Y., Cao, L. Y., & Shen, Y. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00296-1 · Cited by 199
Drake, R., Haddock, G., Tarrier, N., Bentall, R., & Lewis, S. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.04.024 · Cited by 194
“, 2002) using the PANSS (Kay et al., 1989) and PSYRATS (Haddock et al.”
MethodA generalized bias against disconfirmatory evidence in schizophrenia
Moritz, S., & Woodward, T. S. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.08.016 · Cited by 192
Further evidence for the efficacy of a metacognitive group training in schizophrenia
Moritz, S., Kerstan, A., Veckenstedt, R., Randjbar, S., Vitzthum, F., Schmidt, C. S., Heise, M., & Woodward, T. S. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.11.010 · Cited by 194
Pathways to Aggression in Schizophrenia Affect Results of Treatment
Volavka, J., & Citrome, L. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr041 · Cited by 200
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“Although schizophrenia patients exhibit diverse symptoms [43] ranging from blunted affect and withdrawal to grandiosity, the hallmark psychotic symptoms of the disease, delusions and hallucinations, are of special interest.”
BackgroundMethodScales to assess psychosis in Parkinson's disease: Critique and recommendations
Fernandez, H. H., Aarsland, D., Fénelon, G., Friedman, J. H., Marsh, L., Tröster, A. I., Poewe, W. H., Rascol, O., Sampaio, C., Stebbins, G. T., et al. (2008) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.21875 · Cited by 188
Efficacy and Safety of Xanomeline-Trospium Chloride in Schizophrenia
Kaul, I., Sawchak, S. T., Walling, D. P., Tamminga, C. A., Breier, A. F., Zhu, H., Miller, A., Paul, S. M., & Brannan, S. K. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.0785 · Cited by 185
Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain and Therapeutic Response: A Differential Association
Czobor, P., Volavka, J., Sheitman, B., Lindenmayer, J., Citrome, L., McEvoy, J. P., Cooper, T. B., Chakos, M., & Lieberman, J. A. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-200206000-00003 · Cited by 185
Links Between Expressed Emotion and Burden of Care in Relatives of Patients with Schizophrenia
Scazufca, M., & Kuipers, E. (1996) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.168.5.580 · Cited by 180
Turner, J. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00137 · Cited by 177
“low frequency fluctuations in schizophrenia”
MethodManoach, D. S., Halpern, E. F., Kramer, T. S., Chang, Y., GOFF, D. C., Rauch, S. L., Kennedy, D. N., & Gollub, R. L. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.955 · Cited by 174
“Rescanning of schizophrenic subjects was contingent on no changes in medication and stable clinical status, as indicated by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (6) (score within 20 points of the initial rating).”
MethodViolence in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Volavka, J. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 173
Reddy, L. F., Horan, W. P., Barch, D. M., Buchanan, R. W., Dunayevich, E., Gold, J. M., Lyons, N., Marder, S. R., Treadway, M. T., Wynn, J. K., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv089 · Cited by 182
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Gray, R. J., Wykes, T., & Gournay, K. (2002) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.2002.00474.x · Cited by 166
Resting neural activity distinguishes subgroups of schizophrenia patients.
Malaspina, D., Harkavy-Friedman, J., Corcoran, C., Mujica-Parodi, L., Printz, D., Gorman, J., & Heertum, R. V. V. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.013 · Cited by 174
“Symptoms Symptoms were rated with the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al 1989) for 23 of the 26 patients and summarized into the positive, negative, dysphoric mood, activation, and autistic preoccupation factors (White et al 1997).”
MethodInfluentialPSYCHOPATHOLOGIC DOMAINS AND INSIGHT IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
AMADOR, X. F., & Gorman, J. M. (1998) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70359-2 · Cited by 164
Kishi, T., Ikuta, T., Matsuda, Y., Sakuma, K., Okuya, M., Nomura, I., Hatano, M., & Iwata, N. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01334-4 · Cited by 169
Relations of Symptoms to Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia
Strauss, M. E. (1993) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/19.2.215 · Cited by 163
“…masking also indicate that negative symptoms are associated with deficits on tasks involving rapid processing of visual information (see Green and Walker 1984; Braff 1989; and Merriam et al. 1990, who used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS; Kay et al. 1989] to assess symptoms).”
MethodWhite, R., Gumley, A., McTaggart, J., Rattrie, L., McConville, D., Cleare, S., & Mitchell, G. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.003 · Cited by 161
“Psychometric studies have reported good inter-rater reliability and satisfactory internal consistency, construct validity and concurrent validity in relation to other measures of psychopathology (Kay et al., 1988; Kay et al., 1989).”
BackgroundWilliams, J. M., Anthenelli, R. M., Morris, C. D., Treadow, J., Thompson, J. R., Yunis, C., & George, T. P. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.11m07522 · Cited by 162
Auquier, P., Simeoni, M. C., Sapin, C., Reine, G., Aghababian, V., Cramer, J. A., & Lançon, C. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00355-9 · Cited by 172
Tan, H. Y., Choo, W. C., Fones, C. S. L., & Chee, M. W. L. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1849 · Cited by 161
“In addition, the research psychiatrist administered the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (24) and the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (DSM-IV, p.”
Green, M. F., Schooler, N. R., Kern, R. S., Frese, F. J., Granberry, W., Harvey, P. D., Karson, C. N., Peters, N., Stewart, M., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10030414 · Cited by 159
Behere, R. V., Arasappa, R., Jagannathan, A., Varambally, S. S., Venkatasubramanian, G., Thirthalli, J., Subbakrishna, D. K., Nagendra, H., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2010) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01605.x · Cited by 159
“Assessments included Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Socio-Occupational Functioning Scale (SOFS), and Tool for Recognition of Emotions in Neuropsychiatric DisorderS (TRENDS).”
MethodMoritz, S., Veckenstedt, R., Randjbar, S., Vitzthum, F., & Woodward, T. S. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710002618 · Cited by 158
“PANSS and PSYRATS share good psychometric properties and are sensitive to change (Kay et al. 1989 ; Peralta & Cuesta, 1994 ; Haddock et al. 1999 ; Drake et al. 2007 ; Santor et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhitford, T. J., Grieve, S. M., Farrow, T. F. D., Gomes, L. J., Brennan, J., Harris, A. W. F., Gordon, E., & Williams, L. M. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.041 · Cited by 156
“8) on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodAn fMRI study of theory of mind in schizophrenic patients with “passivity” symptoms
Brüne, M., Lissek, S., Fuchs, N., Witthaus, H., Peters, S. A., Nicolas, V., Juckel, G., & Tegenthoff, M. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.01.023 · Cited by 153
Schizophrenia delays and alters maturation of the brain in adolescence
Douaud, G., Mackay, C. E., Andersson, J., James, S., Quested, D. J., Ray, M. K., Connell, J., Roberts, N., Crow, T. J., Matthews, P. M., et al. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp126 · Cited by 149
“…of Clinical Neurosciences, Imperial College, London, UK Correspondence to: Dr Gwenaëlle Douaud, Department of Clinical Neurology, FMRIB centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington OX3 9DU, Oxford, UK E-mail: douaud@fmrib.ox.ac.uk Early-onset schizophrenia appears to be…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialComplementary group Metacognitive Training (MCT) reduces delusional ideation in schizophrenia.
Moritz, S., Veckenstedt, R., Bohn, F., Hottenrott, B., Scheu, F., Randjbar, S., Aghotor, J., Köther, U., Woodward, T. S., Treszl, A., et al. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.007 · Cited by 146
“The primary outcome was a delusion score derived from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).”
BackgroundMethodRandomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Lithium in Youths with Severe Mood Dysregulation
Dickstein, D. P., Towbin, K. E., Van Der Veen, J. W., Rich, B. A., Brotman, M. A., Knopf, L., Onelio, L., Pine, D. S., & Leibenluft, E. (2009) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2008.044 · Cited by 148
“Our primary continuous clinical outcome measure was the PANSS factor 4 score (sum of excitement, hostility, uncooperativeness, and poor impulse control; continuous outcome measure) (Kay et al. 1989).”
InfluentialSymptom rating scales and outcome in schizophrenia
Mortimer, A. M. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.191.50.s7 · Cited by 150
“The PANSS (Kay et al, 1987, 1988, 1989) originated from a growing need to reduce the heterogeneity of what was known about schizophrenia.”
BackgroundSwift, R. H., Harrigan, E. P., Cappelleri, J. C., Kramer, D., & Chandler, L. P. (2002) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(01)00052-8 · Cited by 146
Tan, Y. L., Zhou, D. F., Cao, L. Y., Zou, Y. Z., & Zhang, X. Y. (2005) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.02.054 · Cited by 146
Converting positive and negative symptom scores between PANSS and SAPS/SANS
van Erp, T. G. M., Preda, A., Nguyen, D. R., Faziola, L. R., Turner, J. A., Bustillo, J., Belger, A., Lim, K. O., McEwen, S. C., Voyvodic, J. T., et al. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.11.013 · Cited by 145
“…for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms [SAPS(Andreasen, 1984)], Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms [SANS(Andreasen, 1983)], and the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS(Kay et al., 1987; Kay et al., 1989)] are the most widely used symptom rating scales in schizophrenia research.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExtrapolation between measures of symptom severity and change: An examination of the PANSS and CGI
Levine, S. Z., Rabinowitz, J., Engel, R. R., Etschel, E., & Leucht, S. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.09.006 · Cited by 144
Gardner-Sood, P., Lally, J., Smith, S., Atakan, Z., Ismail, K., Greenwood, K. E., Keen, A., O'Brien, C., Onagbesan, O., Fung, C., et al. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715000562 · Cited by 140
“Participants’ mental health status was measured using the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al. 1989), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF; American Psychiatric Association, 2002) and the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; Montgomery & Åsberg, 1979).”
BackgroundMethodKiang, M., Light, G. A., Prugh, J., Seana Coulson, A., BRAFF, D. L., & Marta Kutas, A. (2007) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617707070816 · Cited by 145
“Although proverb interpretation does not reliably differentiate schizophrenia from other psychiatric illnesses (Andreasen, 1977; Braff & Beck, 1974; Reich, 1981), its frequent impairment in schizophrenia has led to its inclusion in the clinical examination of schizophrenia patients, and in rating scales for the disord…”
BackgroundGalantamine Improves Cognition in Schizophrenic Patients Stabilized on Risperidone
Schubert, M., Young, K. A., & Hicks, P. B. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.006 · Cited by 140
A differential role for interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in schizophrenia?
Naudin, J., Capo, C., Giusano, B., Mège, J. L., & Azorin, J. (1997) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00059-5 · Cited by 141
Burden on caregivers of people with schizophrenia: Comparison between Germany and Britain
Roick, C., Heider, D., Bebbington, P., Angermeyer, M. C., Azorin, J., Brugha, T. S., Kilian, R., Johnson, S., Toumi, M., & Kornfeld, A. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025353 · Cited by 140
“The severity of illness was assessed by means of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay et al, 1987, 1989) referring to symptoms experienced within the preceding week.”
Infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with cognitive deficits in bipolar disorder
Dickerson, F., Boronow, J. J., Stallings, C. R., Origoni, A. E., Cole, S., Krivogorsky, B., & Yolken, R. H. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.10.008 · Cited by 140
Röpcke, B., & Eggers, C. (2005) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-005-0483-6 · Cited by 139
“The diagnoses at follow-up were given on the basis of the symptoms rated by the interview for Positive and Negative Syndrome (PANSS) (Kay et al. 1989), and made according to DSM-IV.”
MethodInfluentialRozycki, M., Satterthwaite, T. D., Koutsouleris, N., Erus, G., Doshi, J. J., Wolf, D. H., Yong Fan, A., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Meisenzahl, E. M., et al. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx137 · Cited by 138
Chen, D. C., Wang, J., Wang, B., Yang, S. C., Zhang, C. X., Zheng, Y. L., Li, Y. L., Wang, N., Yang, K. B., Xiu, M. H., et al. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-009-1665-6 · Cited by 136
“We also tried to establish correlations between serum BDNF alteration and the severity of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia, using global subscale of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) (Kay et al. 1989).”
MethodInfluentialPositive-negative symptom assessment in schizophrenia: Psychometric issues and scale comparison
Kay, S. R. (1990) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/bf01064966 · Cited by 134
Abdel‐Hamid, M., Lehmkämper, C., Sonntag, C., Juckel, G., Daum, I., & Brüne, M. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.10.021 · Cited by 133
“Likewise, studies in which schizophrenia was subtyped using the most widely used three-factor model of the Positive and Negative SyndromeScale (PANSS,Kay et al., 1989) produced ambiguous results with little more than correlational associations betweenToMperformance andpositive or negative symptoms.”
MethodHaddock, G., Barrowclough, C., Shaw, J. J., Dunn, G., Novaco, R. W., & Tarrier, N. (2009) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.039859 · Cited by 131
Increased developmental deviance and premorbid dysfunction in early onset schizophrenia
Vourdas, A., Pipe, R., Corrigall, R. J., & Frangou, S. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00429-2 · Cited by 132
“Psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al., 1989).”
MethodPsychosis in Parkinson’s Disease: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management
Chang, A., & Fox, S. H. (2016) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-016-0600-5 · Cited by 133
“The MDS Task Force reviewed 12 scales or questionnaires that had been used in published clinical trials focusing on psychosis in PD: Parkinson’s Psychosis Rating Scale (PPRS) [6], Parkinson Psychosis Questionnaire (PPQ) [7], Rush Hallucination Inventory [8], Baylor Hallucination Questionnaire [9], Neuropsychiatric Inv…”
MethodMatsumoto, H., Simmons, A., Williams, S., Hadjulis, M., Pipe, R., Murray, R. M., & Frangou, S. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1299 · Cited by 128
Metadata
- Authors
- Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Lindenmayer, J.-P.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kay, Stanley R.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 1989-11
- Volume
- 155
- Issue
- S7
- Pages
- 59-65
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W1688754235
- Cited by
- 1,016
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- PANSS, schizophrenia, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, symptom classification, psychometric properties, delusions, hallucinations
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Disease, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Pimozide, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology
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