Cited by 541Mental Health Treatment and AccessAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Depression Comorbid with Anxiety: Results from the WHO Study on Psychological Disorders in Primary Health Care

Sartorius, Nornam, Üstün, T. Bedirhan, Lecrubier, Yves, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich·1996·British Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1192/s0007125000298395

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Abstract

The World Health Organization collaborative study on “Psychological Problems in General Health Care” investigated the form, frequency, course and outcome of common psychological problems in primary care settings at 15 international sites. The research employed a two-stage case-finding procedure. GHQ–12 was administered to 25 916 adults who consulted health-care services. The second-stage assessment (n=5438) consisted of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (GDI), the Social Disability Schedule, and questionnaires. Possible cases or borderline cases of mental disorder, and a sample of known cases, were followed up at three months and one year. Using standard diagnostic algorithms (ICD–10), prevalence rates were calculated for current disorder (one-month) and lifetime experience disorder. Well-defined psychological problems are frequent in all the general health-care settings examined (median 24.0%). Among the most common were depression, anxiety, alcohol misuse, somatoform disorders, and neurasthenia. Nine per cent of patients suffered from a “subthreshold condition” that did not meet diagnostic criteria but had clinically significant symptoms and functional impairment. The most common co-occurrence was depression and anxiety. Comorbidity increases the likelihood of recognition of mental disorders in general health care, and the likelihood of receiving treatment.

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Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370

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MethodInfluential
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“hol misuse, somatoform disorder and neurasthenia.(1,16) A survey in Nigeria, using a general health questionnaire and the present state examination schedule among primary care patients, estimated the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity at 21.”
Background
How to grade categories of evidence
Bandelow, B., Zohar, J., Kasper, S. F., & Möller, H. (2008) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970802456590 · Cited by 26
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“4% for current depressive episode (ICD-10) was reported by the WHO study of consecutive presenters in primary care[4]”
Method
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“Diagnosable disorders occur in approximately 4% of patients, with many more affected by subsyndromal symptoms [2-5].”
Background
Patient interest in mental health mobile app interventions: Demographic and symptom-level differences
Lipschitz, J. M., Connolly, S. L., Miller, C. J., Hogan, T. P., Simon, S. R., & Burdick, K. E. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.083 · Cited by 28
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“This finding is consistent with the high comorbidity rate between depression and anxiety established in the existing literature (Sartorius et al., 1996).”
Result
Relationship between Baseline Severity of Depression and Antidepressant Treatment Outcome
Henkel, V., Seemüller, F., Obermeier, M., Adli, M., Bauer, M., Kronmüller, K., Holsboer, F., Brieger, P., Laux, G., Bender, W., et al. (2010) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1267177 · Cited by 26
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“Anxiety is frequently comorbid with depression (Sartorius et al., 1996), the primary cause of suicidality, but contributes unique variance to the prediction of suicide attempts and deaths by suicide (Khan et al.”
Background
S3-Leitlinie Angststörungen
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“Another relevant finding is that depressive and anxiety disorders commonly occur together in patients (27,28).”
Background
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“1 – 3 Antenatal depression is highly comorbid with antenatal anxiety 4,5 and both are risk factors for postpartum depression that can impair mother – infant interactions.”
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“Females reported more internalizing symptoms than did males, confirming past research (Angold & Rutter, 1992; Derdikman-Eiron et al., 2011; Gonzalez et al., 2010; Merikangas et al., 2010; US Department of Health and Human Services, 2011; Sartorius et al., 1996).”
BackgroundResult
Usefulness of two instruments in assessing depression among elderly Mexicans in population studies and for primary care.
Sánchez-García, S., Juárez-Cedillo, T., García-González, J. J., Espinel-Bermúdez, C., Gallo, J., Wagner, F., Vázquez-Estupiñán, F., & García-Peña, C. (2008) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36342008000600005 · Cited by 25
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“…Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S0033291707001298 Printed in the United Kingdom ORIGINAL ARTICLE depression care used a composite measure of chronic somatic morbidity and found conflicting results (Simon et al. 1995 ; Sartorius et al. 1996 ; Nutting et al. 2000 ; Unützer et al. 2000, 2003).”
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“5%.(34) Different rates of vasospasm reported in the literature during radial procedures can also be explained in part by different populations and ethnicity.”
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“While we aimed to distinguish neuropsychiatric outcomes by specific symptoms in the Results section of this review, the sizeable overlap in neuropsychiatric phenotypes, especially anxiety and depression (Sartorius et al., 1996), are well-recognized.”
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Background
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Balestrieri, M., Isola, M., Quartaroli, M., Roncolato, M., & Bellantuono, C. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.011 · Cited by 23
“4%) prevalence of current depression (Sartorius et al., 1996).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
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“0% in a worldwide population survey carried out by WHO in 15 centers in 14 countries [21].”
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“Lastly, symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress were strongly associated with each other, in line with previous clinical literature (Jacobson & Newman, 2017; Kalin, 2020; Lamers et al., 2011; Sartorius et al., 1996).”
Result
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“It is important to state that the most common symptom presentation in the general population and primary healthcare is a mixture of depressive, anxious and bodyrelated complaints [41–43].”
Background
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“Studies have suggested that between 20-50% of anxiety cases are formally diagnosed [10].”
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Brizard, B. A., Limbu, B., Baeza‐Velasco, C., & Deb, S. S. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.55 · Cited by 22
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Mundt, A. P., Kliewe, T., Yayla, S., Ignatyev, Y., Busch, M. A., Heimann, H., Heinz, A., Rapp, M. A., Schouler‐Ocak, M., Ströhle, A., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764012464017 · Cited by 19
Evaluación e intervención de los problemas de Ansiedad y Depresión en Atención Primaria: Un Problema sin resolver
Postigo, J., Bravo, B. N., Delgado, M. P., Salguero, J. M., Wood, C. M., & Vindel, A. C. (2012) · Revista Clínica de Medicina de Familia · doi:10.4321/s1699-695x2012000100007 · Cited by 21
Mood disorders in primary care
Haddad, M., Walters, P., & Tylee, A. (2006) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.mppsy.2008.11.001 · Cited by 21
“attendees worldwide suffer from some psychiatric disorder.(2) Within this setting, the most common problem is depression, identified in 10% of consecutive attendees.”
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“Epidemiological studies yielded diverging prevalence rates for this type of disorder, ranging from 1 % (Wittchen and Zerssen, 1988) to 13% (Eaten and Ritter. 1988). Barret et al. (1988) reported a percentage of 4.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Antipsychotic drugs for non-psychotic patients: assessment of the benefit/risk ratio in generalized anxiety disorder
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“It also shows that the common psychiatric health problems identified were depression, anxiety, alcohol abuse, somatoform disorders, and neurasthenia.[1,8] Table 2: Psychopathology and sociodermographic characteristics”
Depression and panic: Comorbidity
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Background
The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on Hospital Staff
Hassamal, S., Dong, F., Hassamal, S., Lee, C., Ogunyemi, D., & Neeki, M. M. (2021) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2020.11.49015 · Cited by 28
“The scores are interpreted as follows: normal (0-4); mild (5-9); moderate (1014); moderately severe (15-19); and severe (20-27).”
Background
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“Only half the individuals with psychiatric illnesses had been recognized by primary care doctors as part of World Health Organization research [33].”
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Burdick, T. E., & Kessler, R. S. (2017) · Applied Clinical Informatics · doi:10.4338/aci-2016-04-ra-0068 · Cited by 20
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“…and occupational functioning (e.g., Grant et al. 2005; Ormel et al. 1994; Roy-Byrne 1996; Stein and Heimberg 2004; Wittchen et al. 2000); and (2) depression symptoms, in light of the high comorbidity between GAD and depression (e.g., Brown et al. 2001; Kessler et al. 2008; Sartorius et al. 1996).”
Cumulative incidence of sickness absence and disease burden among the newly sick-listed, a cross-sectional population-based study
Ármannsdóttir, B., MÅRDBY, A.-C. M., Haukenes, I., & Hensing, G. K. E. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-329 · Cited by 22
“Sensitivity and specificity of self-reported data on chronic disease has been found to vary from one disease group to another, with data for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer being most reliable [57,58] while data for musculoskeletal [58] and psychiatric [59] disorders is less reliable [58].”
Background
CBT Basics: A Group Approach to Teaching Fundamental Cognitive-Behavioral Skills
Macrodimitris, S., Hamilton, K., Backs-Dermott, B., & Mothersill, K. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.24.2.132 · Cited by 20
Measures That Make a Difference: A Functional Contextualistic Approach to Optimizing Psychological Measurement in Clinical Research and Practice
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Suicidal thoughts and behaviour among healthcare workers in England during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study
Padmanathan, P., Lamb, D., Scott, H. R., Stevelink, S. A. M., Greenberg, N. L., Hotopf, M. H., Morriss, R. K., Raine, R., Rafferty, A. M., Madan, I., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286207 · Cited by 22
“Anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder were not included as possible explanatory factors as these were considered likely to be highly correlated [27, 28].”
Background
Depression, anxiety and their associated factors among patients with tuberculosis attending in Gondar city health facilities, North West Ethiopia
Assefa, S., Boru, B., Gebeyehu, D. A., & Terefe, B. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04573-7 · Cited by 19
“This finding was supported by studies conducted in Nigeria and Pakistan [25, 31].”
Result
Changes in brain glucose metabolism and connectivity in somatoform disorders: an 18F-FDG PET study
Huang, Q., Ren, S., Jiang, D., Guan, Y., Xie, F., Sun, D., & Hua, F. (2019) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-019-01083-0 · Cited by 23
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Tsiligianni, I., Tyrovolas, S., Bountziouka, V., Zeimbekis, A., Gotsis, E., Metallinos, G., Tyrovola, D., Polychronopoulos, E., Lionis, C., & Panagiotakos, D. (2014) · Women & health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2014.897678 · Cited by 19
“Depression is one of the most common mental diseases related to increased morbidity and mortality that impairs quality of life, especially in the elderly (D’Alisa et al, 2006; Sartorius et al, 1996).”
Background
Exploring the Effectiveness of a Mixed-Diagnosis Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention Across Diverse Populations
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Does psychological distress increase the risk for motor vehicle crashes in young people? findings from the DRIVE study.
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“This feature of MXE (having both antidepressant and anxiolytics effects) may be beneficial considering that depression is often comorbid with anxiety and that antidepressants and anxiolytics are frequently used together (Furukawa et al., 2001; Kessler et al., 2003; Sartorius et al., 1996).”
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Authors: Sartorius, N., Üstün, T. B., Lecrubier, Y., & Wittchen, H.-U.
Affiliations: University of Geneva (CH)
World Health Organization (CH)
Inserm (FR)
Corresponding author: Üstün, T. Bedirhan
Venue: British Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: Royal College of Psychiatrists
Published: 1996-06
Volume: 168
Issue: S30
Pages: 38-43
ISSN: 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
1472-1465
DOI: 10.1192/s0007125000298395
OpenAlex: W2765030473
Cited by: 541
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 24
FWCI: 18.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 8101 d)
Locations: The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: depression, anxiety, comorbidities, primary care, mental illness, prevalence, mental disorder recognition, treatment seeking, alcohol abuse, somatoform disorders, neurasthenia
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Chronic Disease, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Professional Impairment, Psychotropic Drugs, Sampling Studies, World Health Organization, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Odds Ratio

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Depression Comorbid with Anxiety: Results from the WHO Study on Psychological Disorders in Primary Health Care

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