The DOI matches its Crossref record; 279 of the 279 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Key discoveries in bile acid chemistry and biology and their clinical applications: history of the last eight decades
Open accessAbstract
During the last 80 years there have been extraordinary advances in our knowledge of the chemistry and biology of bile acids. We present here a brief history of the major achievements as we perceive them. Bernal, a physicist, determined the X-ray structure of cholesterol crystals, and his data together with the vast chemical studies of Wieland and Windaus enabled the correct structure of the steroid nucleus to be deduced. Today, C24 and C27 bile acids together with C27 bile alcohols constitute most of the bile acid "family". Patterns of bile acid hydroxylation and conjugation are summarized. Bile acid measurement encompasses the techniques of GC, HPLC, and MS, as well as enzymatic, bioluminescent, and competitive binding methods. The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids results from vectorial transport of bile acids by the ileal enterocyte and hepatocyte; the key transporters have been cloned. Bile acids are amphipathic, self-associate in solution, and form mixed micelles with polar lipids, phosphatidylcholine in bile, and fatty acids in intestinal content during triglyceride digestion. The rise and decline of dissolution of cholesterol gallstones by the ingestion of 3,7-dihydroxy bile acids is chronicled. Scientists from throughout the world have contributed to these achievements.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria
Ridlon, J. M., Kang, D.-J., & Hylemon, P. B. (2006) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r500013-jlr200 · Cited by 2,829
Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids
Makishima, M., Okamoto, A. Y., Repa, J. J., Tu, H., Learned, R. M., Luk, A., Hull, M. V., Lustig, K. D., Mangelsdorf, D. J., & Shan, B. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1362 · Cited by 2,714
Bile Acids: Natural Ligands for an Orphan Nuclear Receptor
Parks, D. J., Blanchard, S. G., Bledsoe, R. K., Chandra, G., Consler, T. G., Kliewer, S. A., Stimmel, J. B., Willson, T. M., Zavacki, A. M., Moore, D. D., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1365 · Cited by 2,274
The Enzymes, Regulation, and Genetics of Bile Acid Synthesis
Russell, D. W. (2003) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161712 · Cited by 2,069
Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-/- mice
Devkota, S., Wang, Y., Musch, M. W., Leone, V., Fehlner-Peach, H., Nadimpalli, A., Antonopoulos, D. A., Jabri, B., & Chang, E. B. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11225 · Cited by 1,904
TGR5-Mediated Bile Acid Sensing Controls Glucose Homeostasis
Thomas, C., Gioiello, A., Noriega, L., Strehle, A., Oury, J., Rizzo, G., Macchiarulo, A., Yamamoto, H., Mataki, C., Pruzanski, M., et al. (2009) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2009.08.001 · Cited by 1,885
Fibroblast growth factor 15 functions as an enterohepatic signal to regulate bile acid homeostasis
Inagaki, T., Choi, M., Moschetta, A., Peng, L., Cummins, C. L., McDonald, J. G., Luo, G., Jones, S. A., Goodwin, B., Richardson, J. A., et al. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.09.001 · Cited by 1,865
Endogenous Bile Acids Are Ligands for the Nuclear Receptor FXR/BAR
Wang, H., Chen, J., Hollister, K., Sowers, L. C., & Forman, B. M. (1999) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80348-2 · Cited by 1,636
A G Protein-coupled Receptor Responsive to Bile Acids
Kawamata, Y., Fujii, R., Hosoya, M., Harada, M., Yoshida, H., Miwa, M., Fukusumi, S., Habata, Y., Itoh, T., Shintani, Y., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m209706200 · Cited by 1,628
Measurement of gastrointestinal pH profiles in normal ambulant human subjects
Evans, D. F., Pye, G., Bramley, R., Clark, A. G., Dyson, T. J., & Hardcastle, J. D. (1988) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gut.29.8.1035 · Cited by 1,240
Cited by
Gut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and clinical implications
Tilg, H., Adolph, T. E., & Trauner, M. (2022) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.017 · Cited by 843
Intestinal transport and metabolism of bile acids
Dawson, P. A., & Karpen, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r054114 · Cited by 598
Diversification of host bile acids by members of the gut microbiota
Winston, J. A., & Theriot, C. M. (2020) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2019.1674124 · Cited by 587
Global chemical effects of the microbiome include new bile-acid conjugations
Quinn, R. A., Melnik, A. V., Vrbanac, A., Fu, T., Patras, K. A., Christy, M. P., Bodai, Z., Belda-Ferre, P., Tripathi, A., Chung, L. K., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2047-9 · Cited by 579
New paradigms in the treatment of hepatic cholestasis: from UDCA to FXR, PXR and beyond
Beuers, U., Trauner, M., Jansen, P., & Poupon, R. (2015) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.023 · Cited by 537
Metadata
- Authors
- Hofmann, A. F., & Hagey, L. R.
- Venue
- Journal of Lipid Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-08
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1553-1595
- ISSN
- 0022-2275 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2078036674
- Cited by
- 358
- References
- 279
- FWCI
- 16.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Key discoveries in bile acid chemistry and biology and their clinical applications: history of the last eight decades. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1194/jlr.r049437
- The paper
- Hofmann, A. F., & Hagey, L. R. (2014). Key discoveries in bile acid chemistry and biology and their clinical applications: history of the last eight decades. Journal of Lipid Research. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.r049437
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
