The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multiple Inference and Gender Differences in the Effects of Early Intervention: A Reevaluation of the Abecedarian, Perry Preschool, and Early Training Projects
Abstract
The view that the returns to educational investments are highest for early childhood interventions is widely held and stems primarily from several influential randomized trials—Abecedarian, Perry, and the Early Training Project—that point to super-normal returns to early interventions. This article presents a de novo analysis of these experiments, focusing on two core issues that have received limited attention in previous analyses: treatment effect heterogeneity by gender and overrejection of the null hypothesis due to multiple inference. To address the latter issue, a statistical framework that combines summary index tests with familywise error rate and false discovery rate corrections is implemented. The first technique reduces the number of tests conducted; the latter two techniques adjust the p values for multiple inference. The primary finding of the reanalysis is that girls garnered substantial short- and long-term benefits from the interventions, but there were no significant long-term benefits for boys. These conclusions, which have appeared ambiguous when using “naive” estimators that fail to adjust for multiple testing, contribute to a growing literature on the emerging female–male academic achievement gap. They also demonstrate that in complex studies where multiple questions are asked of the same data set, it can be important to declare the family of tests under consideration and to either consolidate measures or report adjusted and unadjusted p values.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In the results presented in Extended Data Tables 6 and 7, we also adjusted for the fact that we conducted multiple tests on the same dataset by implementing FDR corrections and report the FDR q values50. We also report the bootstrapped P value51 to account for regressions with a small number of clusters.”
From Last-mile delivery increases vaccine uptake in Sierra Leone (2024) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Finally, we note that our findings are robust to Type I error concerns. 10 We calculate sharpened two-stage q-values in Table 4 (Benjamini et al., 2006b; Anderson, 2008) and the observed impacts remain statistically significant at the 1 percent level.”
From Food Coma is Real: The Effect of Digestive Fatigue on Adolescents' Cognitive Performance (2024) · cites this paper as Anderson, 2008
In the citing paper
“We perform False Discovery Rate (FDR) adjustment using the method described in (77), considering each experiment (Reduced and Increased Exposure) separately and grouping the variables as:”
From Reranking partisan animosity in algorithmic social media feeds alters affective polarization (2025) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“The outcomes used to create each index are quite diverse and group a variety of very different outcomes (e.g., crime, employment, education). It is difficult to interpret his indices. Moreover, the components of his indices change with age.”
From Analyzing social experiments as implemented: A reexamination of the evidence from the HighScope Perry Preschool Program (2010) · cites this paper as Anderson (2008)
Citations
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
An Introduction to the Bootstrap
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1994) · doi:10.1201/9780429246593 · Cited by 40,500
A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity
White, H. (1980) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912934 · Cited by 25,861
The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency
Benjamini, Y., & Yekutieli, D. (2001) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1013699998 · Cited by 10,490
Fisher, R. A. (1936) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3923.554-a · Cited by 4,980
A sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance
HOCHBERG, Y. (1988) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/75.4.800 · Cited by 4,829
Adaptive linear step-up procedures that control the false discovery rate
Benjamini, Y., Krieger, A. M., & Yekutieli, D. (2006) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/93.3.491 · Cited by 3,228
Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects
Kling, J. R., Liebman, J. B., & Katz, L. F. (2007) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x · Cited by 2,719
(1986) · Journal of Economic Literature · Cited by 2,705
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,002
Are Small Firms Labor Constrained? Experimental Evidence from GhanaPreprint
McCasland, J., & Hardy, M. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2737138 · Cited by 17
Using RCTs to Estimate Long-Run Impacts in Development Economics
Bouguen, A., Huang, Y., Kremer, M. R., & Miguel, E. A. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25356 · Cited by 16
Cash Transfers and Migration: Theory and Evidence from a Randomized Controlled TrialPreprint
Gazeaud, J., Mvukiyehe, E. N., & Sterck, O. C. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3504553 · Cited by 17
The Effects of Medical Debt Relief: Evidence from Two Randomized Experiments
Kluender, R., Mahoney, N., Wong, F., & Yin, W. (2024) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w32315 · Cited by 17
Islam, A., Lee, W.-S., & Nicholas, A. (2021) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102615 · Cited by 16
“To control for the false discovery rate (FDR), we provide sharpened q-values (Benjamini et al., 2006) using the procedure implemented in Stata by Anderson (2008).”
MethodInfluentialDoes Economics Make You Sexist?
Paredes, V., Paserman, M. D., & Pino, F. (2025) · Universidad de Chile · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01356 · Cited by 16
Fitz, D., & League, R. J. (2021) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2021.1928640 · Cited by 16
“The Bonferroni correction is well-known to have poor power and be a conservative test (Hochberg, 1988), so the Benjamini and Hochberg and Benjamini-Krieger-Yekutieli corrections are our preferred methods (Anderson, 2008).”
MethodThe effects of recreational cannabis access on labor markets: evidence from Colorado
Chakraborty, A., Doremus, J. M., & Stith, S. S. (2021) · IZA Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.2478/izajole-2021-0005 · Cited by 19
“, 2018; Bradford and Bradford, 2018; Anderson et al., 2018, 2014; Chu, 2015; Baggio et al., 2018; Anderson et al., 2013; Choi et al., 2019). The limited literature on how medical marijuana laws (MMLs) affect labor supply shows mixed results as well. On the one hand, medical cannabis dispensaries’ entry may have potent…”
BackgroundInfluentialSattler, S., Maskileyson, D., Racine, É., Davidov, E., & Escande, A. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15234-5 · Cited by 16
“, the expected proportion of rejections of any type-1 errors) q-values to indicate statistical significance in the Results section [65].”
BackgroundHiring Frictions and the Promise of Online Job Portals: Evidence from India
Fernando, A. N., Singh, N., & Tourek, G. (2023) · American Economic Review Insights · doi:10.1257/aeri.20220566 · Cited by 16
“The index reports the average across attributes, each of which is normalized with respect to the control group and weighted by the inverse of the variance-covariance matrix Anderson (2008).”
MethodMy History or Our History? Historical Revisionism and Entitlement to Lead
Haas, N., & Lindstam, E. (2023) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s000305542300117x · Cited by 16
“Using inverse covariance weighting (Anderson 2008), we create an index ( “ overall evaluation ” ) capturing to what extent respondents evaluated a politician positively.”
The effect of front-of-package nutrition labelling on product composition
Bauner, C., & Rahman, R. (2024) · European Review of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/erae/jbae004 · Cited by 17
“5 This holds if we apply sharpened q-values (Anderson, 2008) to adjust for multiple hypothesis testing.”
Bryan, G., Karlan, D., & Osman, A. (2024) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20220616 · Cited by 19
Institutions, Comparative Advantage, and the Environment
Shapiro, J. (2025) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdaf012 · Cited by 16
Fan, Y., Yi, J., Yuan, Y., & Zhang, J. (2017) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.11.012 · Cited by 16
Berset, S., & Schelker, M. (2019) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103592 · Cited by 16
Linnemayr, S., Stecher, C. D., Saya, U. Y., MacCarthy, S., Wagner, Z., Mayo‐Wilson, L. J., & Mukasa, B. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3795-4 · Cited by 15
“Adjusting for multiple hypotheses We will adjust p values for multiple hypothesis testing for all secondary outcomes specified above (and any ad hoc outcomes we analyze ex post) using the free step-down re-sampling method to control the false discovery rate [48].”
Methodde Groot, R., Yablonski, J., & Valli, E. (2022) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102217 · Cited by 17
Gender norms in high school: Impacts on risky behaviors from adolescence to adulthood
Rodríguez‐Planas, N., Sanz‐de‐Galdeano, A., & Terskaya, A. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.01.015 · Cited by 16
“Even though summary indices are frequently preferred to alternative methods that adjust individual p-values for multiple testing (Anderson 2008), in Table 8 we also adjusted p-values using a stepwise multiple testing”
MethodThe Role of Mindset in Education: A Large-Scale Field Experiment in Disadvantaged Schools
Huillery, É., Bouguen, A., Charpentier, A., Algan, Y., & Chevallier, C. (2025) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/ueaf015 · Cited by 20
Human capital in the inner city
Aliprantis, D. (2016) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-016-1160-y · Cited by 14
“This is especially important for marginal individuals, for whom participating in street behavior can be seen as an investment “in their own alienation” (Anderson 2008, p. 17).”
Balancing Rigor, Replication, and Relevance: A Case for Multiple-Cohort, Longitudinal Experiments
Blazar, D., & Kraft, M. A. (2019) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858419876252 · Cited by 16
“We created this Summary Index by taking a weighted average of the five scores described above—the two items from the MATCH observation rubric, the principal survey composite, and the two Tripod composites (for similar approaches, see Anderson, 2008; Kling, Liebman, & Katz, 2007).”
MethodSchmidt, L., Shore-Sheppard, L. D., & Watson, T. E. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26504 · Cited by 16
Intergenerational Transmission of Gender Attitudes: Evidence from India
Dhar, D., Jain, T., & Jayachandran, S. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w21429 · Cited by 16
Twenty Year Economic Impacts of Deworming
Hicks, J. H., Miguel, E. A., Walker, M., Kremer, M. R., & Baird, S. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w27611 · Cited by 16
Returns to International Migration: Evidence from a Bangladesh-Malaysia Visa LotteryPreprint
Mobarak, A. M., Sharif, I. A., & Shrestha, M. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3818642 · Cited by 16
The Rise of the Engineer: Inventing the Professional Inventor During the Industrial Revolution
Hanlon, W. W. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29751 · Cited by 16
Bouguen, A., & Dillon, A. (2025) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103596 · Cited by 17
Increasing women’s empowerment: Evaluating two interventions in Uganda
Ambler, K., Jones, K., & O’Sullivan, M. (2025) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103575 · Cited by 15
BURGESS, S. M., Metcalfe, R., & Sadoff, S. (2016) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2021.102195 · Cited by 15
Hemelt, S. W., Lenard, M., & Paeplow, C. (2017) · Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness · Cited by 15
Changing Hearts and Plates: The Effect of Animal-Advocacy Pamphlets on Meat Consumption
Haile, M., Jalil, A., Tasoff, J., & Bustamante, A. V. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3753878 · Cited by 15
Consequences of Implementing Curricular-Aligned Strategies for Identifying Rural Gifted Students
Callahan, C. M., Azano, A. P., Park, S., Brodersen, A. V., Caughey, M., & Dmitrieva, S. (2022) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00169862221082064 · Cited by 18
“Considering the large number of multiple regression tests run, we implemented proper multiple-inference corrections by controlling the false detection rate (Anderson, 2008; Benjamini et al., 2006).”
MethodChen, Y., Wu, Y., Dill, S., Guo, Y., Westgard, C. M., Alexis Medina, D., Weber, A. M., Darmstadt, G. L., Zhou, H., Rozelle, S., et al. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065403 · Cited by 19
Universal Pre-K and College Enrollment: Is There a Link?
Gormley, W. T., Amadon, S., Magnuson, K., Claessens, A., & Hummel‐Price, D. (2023) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584221147893 · Cited by 19
“Unlike studies of the Perry Preschool Program and the Abecedarian Project (Anderson, 2008), which found greater long-term benefits for girls than for boys, studies of the TPS pre-K program and studies generally have seldom found systematic differences by gender (Corrington, 2008; Gormley et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAgranov, M., & Ortoleva, P. (2023) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01355 · Cited by 14
Current food labelling practices in online supermarkets in Australia
Maganja, D., Davies, T., Sanavio, L., Louie, J. C. Y., Huffman, M. D., Trieu, K., & Wu, J. H. Y. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-023-01504-3 · Cited by 15
“…techniques [28]; we elected to control the familywise error rate (i.e. the probability of any Type I errors), rather than the false discovery rate (i.e. the expected proportion of Type I errors), as a more stringent adjustment and given the relatively small number of comparisons planned [29].”
MethodTrajectories of Early Childhood Skill Development and Maternal Mental Health
Sevim, D., Baranov, V., Bhalotra, S. R., Maselko, J., & Biroli, P. (2023) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.1222-12693r3 · Cited by 17
Barham, T., Macours, K., & Maluccio, J. A. (2024) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvae005 · Cited by 15
Courbet, O., Daviot, Q., Kalamarides, V., Habib, M., & Villemonteix, T. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01220-x · Cited by 28
“Following Anderson ( 2008), we first group outcomes into families (Table 1) and, in each family, we construct the so-called standardized treatment effect, with weights accounting for the variances and covariances of the outcomes, in order to maximize the information captured by the weighted average.”
The Effects of Medical Debt Relief: Evidence from Two Randomized Experiments
Kluender, R., Mahoney, N., Wong, F., & Yin, W. (2024) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjae045 · Cited by 21
Shoeing the Children: The Impact of the TOMS Shoe Donation Program in Rural El Salvador
Wydick, B., Katz, E. G., Calvo, F., Gutierrez, F., & Janet, B. (2016) · The World Bank Economic Review · doi:10.1093/wber/lhw042 · Cited by 14
Marcellus Shale Gas Development and Farming
Hoy, K. A., Xiarchos, I. M., Kelsey, T. W., Brasier, K. J., & Glenna, L. (2018) · Agricultural and Resource Economics Review · doi:10.1017/age.2017.28 · Cited by 14
“19 The adjustment procedure is developed in Benjamini and Hochberg (1995) and discussed in Anderson (2008).”
MethodMuschkin, C. G., Ladd, H. F., Dodge, K. A., & Bai, Y. (2018) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/0895904818773901 · Cited by 15
“Although some individual program evaluation studies report greater benefits of early interventions for boys in the early grades (Deming, 2009; Hill, Gormley, & Adelstein, 2015; Joo, 2010; Ou & Reynolds, 2010), others report no gender differences (Anderson, 2008; Weiland & Yoshikawa, 2013).”
Facilitating healthy dietary habits: An experiment with a low income population
Belot, M., James, J., & Spiteri, J. (2020) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103550 · Cited by 13
“Second, we take into account of the multiple comparisons problem by using the by using the False Discovery Rate, FDR (the share of significant estimates that are expected to be false positives) of Anderson (2008) as set out in Anderson (2008) .”
Demanding Development: The Politics of Public Goods Provision in India's Urban Slums
Auerbach, A. M. (2019) · Cited by 15
Mistree, D., Loyalka, P. K., Fairlie, R. W., Bhuradia, A., Angrish, M., Lin, J., Karoshi, A., Yen, S. J., Mistri, J., & Bayat, V. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113846 · Cited by 15
“The third outcome was an attitudes score, which was a GLS-weighted index using 6 survey questions (Anderson, 2008).”
Vu, T. V. (2021) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105652 · Cited by 15
Gender gaps in cognitive and noncognitive skills among adolescents in India
Hervé, J., Mani, S., Behrman, J. R., Nandi, A., Lamkang, A. S., & Laxminarayan, R. (2021) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.11.011 · Cited by 15
“Since Type I error increases in the number of outcomes tested, to account for overrejec- tion of the null, we report sharpened two-stage q-values in Column 3 of Table 6, following the procedure proposed by Benjamini et al. (2006) and implemented by Anderson (2008).”
MethodThe Effect of School and Neighborhood Peers on Achievement, Misbehavior, and Adult Crime
Billings, S. B., & Hoekstra, M. (2022) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/720323 · Cited by 15
Mueller, V., Billings, L., Mogues, T., Peterman, A., & Wineman, A. (2017) · Oxford Development Studies · doi:10.1080/13600818.2017.1414174 · Cited by 15
“Second, inferences on individual outcomes are based on q-values, computed using the Benjamini-Hochberg methodology in Anderson (2008), which account for multiple hypothesis testing.”
MethodHousehold responses to information on child nutrition: experimental evidence from Malawi
Fitzsimons, E., Malde, B., Mesnard, A., & Vera‐Hernández, M. (2017) · doi:10.1920/wp.ifs.2012.1207 · Cited by 15
“Finally, the index score is computed by taking a weighted average of these normalised scores, where the weights are computed from the inverted covariance matrix (exact formula in Appendix A of Anderson, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodThe Welfare Effects of Social MediaPreprint
Allcott, H., Braghieri, L., Eichmeyer, S., & Gentzkow, M. A. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3308640 · Cited by 22
Bankruptcy as Implicit Health Insurance
Mahoney, N. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18105 · Cited by 15
Contract Farming and Rural Transformation: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Benin
Arouna, A., Michler, J. D., & Lokossou, J. C. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25665 · Cited by 15
Can Solar Lanterns Improve Youth Academic Performance? Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh
Kudo, Y., Shonchoy, A. S., & Takahashi, K. (2017) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-7954 · Cited by 14
Site selection for ocean alkalinity enhancement informed by passive tracer simulations
Guo, Y., Chen, K., Subhas, A. V., Rheuban, J. E., Wang, Z. A., McCorkle, D. C., Michel, A. P. M., & Kim, H. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02480-1 · Cited by 14
“Following the statistical approach for index construction 74 , we constructed the SSI as shown in Eqs.”
Montalbán, J. (2022) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/ueac062 · Cited by 14
Globalization and Female Empowerment: Evidence from Myanmar
Molina, T., & Tanaka, M. (2021) · Economic Development and Cultural Change · doi:10.1086/715748 · Cited by 15
Property Division upon Divorce and Household Decisions
Huang, Y.-T., Pantano, J., Ye, H., & Yi, J. (2021) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.58.4.0519-10243r3 · Cited by 15
“We consider the spousal employment, alcohol consumption, and investment in child ’ s education to be measures of bargaining power and combine them in an index following Anderson (2008).”
Bando, R., Galiani, S., & Gertler, P. (2020) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.12.029 · Cited by 17
Impact of Early Childcare on Immigrant Children’s Educational Performance
Corazzini, L., Meschi, E., & Pavese, C. (2019) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2021.102181 · Cited by 1
The relationship between postsecondary education and adult health behaviors
Jehn, A. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100992 · Cited by 14
“Once all outcome variables are properly specified, I constructed a health behavior summary index using a covariance-weighted average of indicators as proposed by Anderson (2008).”
MethodDoes accountability enhance service delivery? Assessment of a local scorecard initiative in Uganda
Hout, W., Wagner, N., & Demena, B. A. (2022) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106011 · Cited by 14
“Moreover, accounting for multiple hypothesis testing employing q -values (Benjamini and Hochberg,1995; Anderson, 2008) we find no significant impact of the scorecard across outcomes.”
MethodSubedi, M. N., Rafiq, S., & Ulker, A. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.06.011 · Cited by 14
Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Cash Transfers on Older Persons Living Alone in India
McKelway, M., Banerjee, A., Grela, E., Schilbach, F., Sequeira, M., Sharma, G., Vaidyanathan, G., & Duflo, E. (2023) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m22-2496 · Cited by 14
“The effects of CBT on depression we found were smaller than those found in previous work (12, 23).”
ResultDo housing regulations affect child development? Evidence and mechanisms
Li, H., Li, J., Lu, Y., & Xie, H. (2023) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104995 · Cited by 14
Beliefs about social norms and gender-based polarization of COVID-19 vaccination readiness
Angerer, S. V., Glätzle‐Rützler, D., Lergetporer, P., & Rittmannsberger, T. (2023) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104640 · Cited by 15
Judicial Decisions, Backlash and Secessionism: The Spanish Constitutional Court and Catalonia
Casas, A., Curci, F., & Moragas, A.-I. D. (2024) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/ueae041 · Cited by 14
Roy, S., Hidrobo, M., Hoddinott, J. F., Koch, B., & Ahmed, A. (2022) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.0720-11014r2 · Cited by 14
“As a robustness check,we also constructed summary indexes using inverse covariance weighting (ICW) following Anderson (2008).”
InfluentialSuárez, D. C., & Cameron, L. (2018) · Economic Development and Cultural Change · doi:10.1086/701829 · Cited by 14
“24 To correct for multiple hypothesis testing, in Table 4 we report p-values that control for the False Discovery Rate which limits the probability of making any Type I error following the procedure described by Anderson (2008).”
MethodThe educational and labor market returns to preschool attendance in Austria
Fessler, P., & Schneebaum, A. (2019) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2019.1584368 · Cited by 14
“Second, with an analysis of a rich dataset (the German Socio-Economic Panel) from West Germany, Katharina, Büchel, and Wagner (2003) find that attending preschool leads to a tremendous increase in the probability of being assigned to an academic school track 2Similarly, in the U.S., Anderson (2008) found that the Perr…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIs consanguinity an impediment to child development?
Mete, C., Bossavie, L. L. Y., Giles, J., & Alderman, H. (2020) · Population Studies · doi:10.1080/00324728.2019.1699942 · Cited by 14
Making Research Data Accessible
Kapiszewski, D., & Karcher, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108762519.008 · Cited by 15
Pathways and penalties: Exploring experiences of agency among incarcerated women in South Africa
Parry, B. R. (2020) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959353520945857 · Cited by 14
“In order to prevent such narrative distortions, feminist scholars (Anderson, 2008; Ettorre, 2004) emphasise the importance of the comprehension of incarcerated women’s accounts of their pathways to crime, in their own words, and then intersect between these an understanding of the dynamics of…”
BackgroundSaving for Multiple Financial Needs: Evidence from Lockboxes and Mobile Money in Malawi
Aggarwal, S., Brailovskaya, V., & Robinson, J. (2021) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01086 · Cited by 14
“Results without these controls are included in appendix E. Results are similar but slightly stronger with controls. in web appendix tables A5 and A6 (following Anderson, 2008).34 We also collected some non-pre-specified outcomes of interest, and show results for these in the appendix.”
ResultThe Bottom Line on College Advising: Large Increases in Degree Attainment
Barr, A. C., & Castleman, B. (2021) · Brown Digital Repository · doi:10.26300/xdsa-5e22 · Cited by 14
Alam, S. A., & Bose, B. (2022) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4535 · Cited by 14
Hing, N. Y. L., Woon, Y. L., Lee, Y. K., Kim, H. J., Lothfi, N. M., Wong, E. R., Perialathan, K., Sanusi, N. H. A., Isa, A., Leong, C. T., et al. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009250 · Cited by 16
“Patients or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of our research.”
Courbet, O., Daviot, Q., Kalamarides, V., Habib, M., Castillo, M.-C. C., & Villemonteix, T. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06979-2 · Cited by 21
“Anderson ML. Multiple inference and gender differences in the effects of early intervention: a reevaluation of the abecedarian, perry preschool, and early training projects.”
MethodTeacher Incentives and Student Achievement: Evidence from an Advancement Program
Eren, Ö. (2019) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.22146 · Cited by 14
Lavy, V. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20983 · Cited by 14
Can Simple Psychological Interventions Increase Preventive Health Investment?
Haushofer, J., John, A., & Orkin, K. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25731 · Cited by 27
Supplemental nutrition assistance program and school readiness skills
Hong, Y. S., & Henly, J. R. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105034 · Cited by 15
Bitler, M., Gelbach, J. B., & Hoynes, H. W. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20142 · Cited by 14
Local Food Prices, SNAP Purchasing Power, and Child Health
Bronchetti, E. T., Christensen, G., & Hoynes, H. W. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w24762 · Cited by 15
Reducing crime and violence: Experimental evidence from cognitive behavioral therapy in Liberia
Blattman, C., Jamison, J., & Sheridan, M. A. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w21204 · Cited by 14
(Successful) Democracies Breed Their Own SupportPreprint
Acemoğlu, D., Ajzenman, N., Aksoy, C. G., Fiszbein, M., & Molina, C. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3914843 · Cited by 14
When the Sorting Hat Sorts Randomly: A Natural Experiment on CulturePreprint
Ricart‐Huguet, J., & Paluck, E. L. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3568261 · Cited by 13
The Effects of Non-Contributory Pensions on Material and Subjective Well Being
Bando, R., Galiani, S., & Gertler, P. (2017) · doi:10.18235/0000850 · Cited by 14
Impacts of Food Insecurity on Child Development: Strengthening the Role of Childcare
Casey, E. G., & Winsler, A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17152427 · Cited by 16
The Impact of Road Development on Household Welfare in Rural Papua New Guinea
Wiegand, M., Koomen, E., Pradhan, M., & Edmonds, C. (2023) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2023.2188111 · Cited by 13
Transitory Income Changes and Consumption Smoothing: Evidence from Mexico
Angelucci, M., Chiapa, C., Prina, S., & Rojas, I. (2021) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.105013 · Cited by 12
Ryu, W., Schudde, L. T., & Pack-Cosme, K. (2022) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584221086664 · Cited by 13
“’ s ( 2006 ) s h a r p e n e d q v a l u e s , f o ll o w i ng gu i d a n ce fr o m A nd e r s on ( 2008 ) , a nd p r e s e n t t h e r e s u lt s i n A pp e nd i x D .”
Beyond boiling: The effect of in utero exposure to treated tap water on childhood health
Li, L., & Xiao, Y. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2023.102814 · Cited by 13
Are retirement planning tools substitutes or complements to financial capability?
Goda, G. S., Levy, M. R., Manchester, C. F., Sojourner, A., Tasoff, J., & Xiao, J. (2023) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2023.08.001 · Cited by 14
From wells to wealth? Government transfers and human capital
Acuna, J., Balza, L. H., & Gómez‐Parra, N. (2023) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103206 · Cited by 19
Use Of High- And Low-Value Health Care Among US Adults, By Income, 2010–19
Park, S., & Wadhera, R. K. (2024) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2023.00661 · Cited by 13
Workfare, wellbeing and consumption: Evidence from a field experiment with Kenya's urban poor.
Bhanot, S. P., Han, J., & Jang, C.-N. (2018) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2018.01.007 · Cited by 13
“To test for overall significance, we create an index of the component measures based on ( Anderson, 2008 ), reported in Table 6 as “Wellbeing Index”.”
MethodPark, S. O., & Hassairi, N. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246730 · Cited by 16
“The hallmark of the impact evaluation literature has focused on small-scale, pilot programs [21], city-wide programs [22–24], or even state prekindergarten [25–27] and federally funded programs.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Anderson, M. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Anderson, Michael L.
- ORCID
- Anderson, Michael L.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Statistical Association
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-12-01
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 484
- Pages
- 1481-1495
- ISSN
- 0162-1459 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-274X
- OpenAlex
- W2099805722
- Cited by
- 2,410
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 210 · 2025: 258 · 2024: 262 · 2023: 266 · 2022: 258 · 2021: 240 · 2020: 187 · 2019: 147 · 2018: 117 · 2017: 85 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 99.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Statistical Association (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- gender differences, early childhood intervention, Abecedarian Project, treatment effect heterogeneity, family-wise error rate, false discovery rate, returns to education
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
