Immune-Modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (imRECIST): Refining Guidelines to Assess the Clinical Benefit of Cancer Immunotherapy
Abstract
Purpose: Treating solid tumors with cancer immunotherapy (CIT) can result in unconventional responses and overall survival (OS) benefits that are not adequately captured by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1. We describe immune-modified RECIST (imRECIST) criteria, designed to better capture CIT responses. Patients and Methods: Atezolizumab data from clinical trials in non–small-cell lung cancer, metastatic urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and melanoma were evaluated. Modifications to imRECIST versus RECIST v1.1 included allowance for best overall response after progressive disease (PD) and changes in PD definitions per new lesions (NLs) and nontarget lesions. imRECIST progression-free survival (PFS) did not count initial PD as an event if the subsequent scan showed disease control. OS was evaluated using conditional landmarks in patients whose PFS differed by imRECIST versus RECIST v1.1. Results: The best overall response was 1% to 2% greater, the disease control rate was 8% to 13% greater, and the median PFS was 0.5 to 1.5 months longer per imRECIST versus RECIST v1.1. Extension of imRECIST PFS versus RECIST v1.1 PFS was associated with longer or similar OS. Patterns of progression analysis revealed that patients who developed NLs without target lesion (TL) progression had a similar or shorter OS compared with patients with RECIST v1.1 TL progression. Patients infrequently experienced a spike pattern (TLs increase, then decrease) but had longer OS than patients without TL reversion. Conclusion: Evaluation of PFS and patterns of response and progression revealed that allowance for TL reversion from PD per imRECIST may better identify patients with OS benefit. Progression defined by the isolated appearance of NLs, however, is not associated with longer OS. These results may inform additional modifications to radiographic criteria (including imRECIST) to better reflect efficacy with CIT agents.
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Therapeutic effects of anti-TGF-β monotherapy or combination therapies on immune or other cells in the TME do not depend on TGF-β responsiveness of the cancer cells.
“Notably, therapeutic effects of anti-TGF-β monotherapy or combination therapies on immune or other cells in the TME do not depend on TGF-β responsiveness of the cancer cells23,324.”
From TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy (2021) · cites this paper as [324]
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- Authors
- Hodi, F. S., Ballinger, M., Lyons, B., Soria, J.-C., Nishino, M., Tabernero, J., Powles, T., Smith, D., Hoos, A., McKenna, C., Beyer, U., Rhee, I., Fine, G., Winslow, N., Chen, D. S., & Wolchok, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Oncology
- Published
- 2018-03-20
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 850-858
- ISSN
- 0732-183X (ISSN-L)
- 1527-7755
- OpenAlex
- W2783708539
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 30 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 17.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Oncology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- American Society of Clinical Oncology
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging
- Keywords
- RECIST 1.1, cancer immunotherapy, response evaluation criteria, solid tumors, atezolizumab, non-small cell lung cancer, metastatic urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, best overall response, disease control rate, progression-free survival, overall survival
- MeSH terms
- Progression-Free Survival, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antineoplastic Agents, Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung, Carcinoma, Renal Cell, Humans, Immunotherapy, Kidney Neoplasms, Lung Neoplasms, Melanoma, Neoplasms, Urologic Neoplasms, Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
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