Cited by 287Developmental and Educational NeuropsychologyChild and Animal Learning DevelopmentEarly Childhood Education and Development

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Executive Function in Preschool Children: Examination Through Everyday Behavior

Isquith, Peter K., Gioia, Gerard A., Espy, Kimberly Andrews·2004·Developmental Neuropsychology

DOI 10.1207/s15326942dn2601_3

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Abstract

Clinical assessment of executive function in preschool-age children is challenging given limited availability of standardized tasks and preschoolers' variable ability to participate in lengthy formal evaluation procedures. Given the benefits of ecological validity of measuring behavior by rating scales, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (Gioia, Isquith, Guy, & Kenworthy, 2000) was modified for use with children ages 2 through 5 years to assess executive functions in an everyday context. The scale development process, based on samples of 460 parents and 302 teachers, yielded a single 63-item measure with 5 related, but nonoverlapping, scales, with good internal consistency and temporal stability. Exploratory factor analyses identified 3 consistent factors: Emergent Metacognition, Flexibility, and Inhibitory Self-Control across parent and teacher samples. In a second study with a mixed sample of preschool children with various developmental disorders, parents and teachers rated these preschool children as having greater executive difficulties in most domains than matched controls. Such rating-scale methodology may be a useful complementary tool by which to reliably assess executive functions in preschool children via everyday behaviors in the natural environment.

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Authors: Isquith, P. K., Gioia, G. A., & Espy, K. A.
Affiliations: Southern Illinois University Carbondale (US)
ORCID: Espy, Kimberly Andrews
Venue: Developmental Neuropsychology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2004-08
Volume: 26
Issue: 1
Pages: 403-422
ISSN: 1532-6942 (ISSN-L)
8756-5641
DOI: 10.1207/s15326942dn2601_3
OpenAlex: W2075360203
Cited by: 287
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 5.78
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Developmental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords: executive function, preschool children, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, rating scales, ecological validity, metacognition, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, developmental disorders, parent and teacher ratings, scale development
MeSH terms: Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Concept Formation, Emotions, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Personality Assessment, Problem Solving, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Social Adjustment, Social Environment, Socialization, Reproducibility of Results

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Executive Function in Preschool Children: Examination Through Everyday Behavior

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