Cited by 6,691Psychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceStatistical Distribution Estimation and Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

In Search of Golden Rules: Comment on Hypothesis-Testing Approaches to Setting Cutoff Values for Fit Indexes and Dangers in Overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) Findings

Marsh, Herbert W., Hau, Kit-Tai, Wen, Zhonglin·2004·Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal

DOI 10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Goodness-of-fit (GOF) indexes provide "rules of thumb"—recommended cutoff values for assessing fit in structural equation modeling. Hu and Bentler (1999) proposed a more rigorous approach to evaluating decision rules based on GOF indexes and, on this basis, proposed new and more stringent cutoff values for many indexes. This article discusses potential problems underlying the hypothesis-testing rationale of their research, which is more appropriate to testing statistical significance than evaluating GOF. Many of their misspecified models resulted in a fit that should have been deemed acceptable according to even their new, more demanding criteria. Hence, rejection of these acceptable-misspecified models should have constituted a Type 1 error (incorrect rejection of an "acceptable" model), leading to the seemingly paradoxical results whereby the probability of correctly rejecting misspecified models decreased substantially with increasing N. In contrast to the application of cutoff values to evaluate each solution in isolation, all the GOF indexes were more effective at identifying differences in misspecification based on nested models. Whereas Hu and Bentler (1999) offered cautions about the use of GOF indexes, current practice seems to have incorporated their new guidelines without sufficient attention to the limitations noted by Hu and Bentler (1999).

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2

Cites

20 of 20 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588 · Cited by 19,933
Structural Equations with Latent Variables
Bollen, K. A. (1989) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118619179 · Cited by 17,944
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475
Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424 · Cited by 12,298
Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.2.130 · Cited by 10,418
Untitled work
(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,690
A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291170 · Cited by 7,330
Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Third Edition
Byrne, B. M. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315757421 · Cited by 4,653

Show all 20 references

Research works printed but not linked: 8

10.1037//0033-2909.88.3.588 · DOI
10.1037//1040-3590.12.4.371 · DOI
10.1037//1082-989X.3.1.3 · DOI
10.1037//0021-843X.109.4.624 · DOI
10.1037//1082-989X.1.2.130 · DOI · Paper page
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R. & Hau, K. T. (1996). An evaluation of incremental fit indices: A clarification of mathematical and empirical processes. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schumacker (Ed.), Advanced structural equation modeling techniques (pp. 315-353). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
10.1037//0033-2909.103.3.391 · DOI
10.1037//0033-2909.107.2.247 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 1,052

Learning difficulties, academic well-being and educational dropout: A person-centred approach
Korhonen, J., Linnanmäki, K., & Aunio, P. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.12.011 · Cited by 151
Testing Alternative Leisure Constraint Negotiation Models: An Extension of Hubbard and Mannell's Study
Son, J. S., Mowen, A. J., & Kerstetter, D. L. (2008) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400802017308 · Cited by 192
Two subdomains of negative symptoms in psychotic disorders: Established and confirmed in two large cohorts
Liemburg, E. J., Castelein, S., Stewart, R. E., van der Gaag, M., Aleman, A., & Knegtering, H. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.024 · Cited by 191
Preliminary Validation in Spanish of a Scale Designed to Measure Motivation in Physical Education Classes: The Perceived Locus of Causality (PLOC) Scale
Murcia, J. A. M., González‐Cutre, D., & Garzón, M. C. (2009) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600001724 · Cited by 191
Identity leadership going global: Validation of the Identity Leadership Inventory across 20 countries
van Dick, R., Lemoine, J. E., Steffens, N. K., Kerschreiter, R., Akfirat, S. A., Avanzi, L., Dumont, K. B., Epitropaki, O., Fransen, K., Giessner, S. R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12223 · Cited by 205
A resource dependence theory perspective of ISO 9000 in managing organizational environment
Singh, P. J., Power, D., & Sum, C. (2010) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2010.04.002 · Cited by 190
A Measure of College Student Persistence in the Sciences (PITS)
Hanauer, D. I., Graham, M. J., & Hatfull, G. F. (2016) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.15-09-0185 · Cited by 189
Organizational justice and organizational commitment among South Korean police officers
Crow, M. S., Lee, C., & joo, J. J. (2012) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639511211230156 · Cited by 187
Assessing the Size of Model Misfit in Structural Equation Models
Maydeu‐Olivares, A. (2017) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/s11336-016-9552-7 · Cited by 187
Could lean practices and process innovation enhance supply chain sustainability of small and medium‐sized enterprises?
Dey, P. K., Malesios, C., De, D., Chowdhury, S., & Abdelaziz, F. B. (2019) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2266 · Cited by 195
A Fast Form Approach to Measuring Technology Acceptance and Other Constructs1
Chin, Johnson, N., & Schwarz, A. (2008) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148867 · Cited by 186
The Motivation and Engagement Scale: Theoretical Framework, Psychometric Properties, and Applied Yields
Liem, G. A. D., & Martin, A. J. (2011) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/j.1742-9544.2011.00049.x · Cited by 211
Facts versus `Feelings'
Morgan, S. E., Stephenson, M. T., Harrison, T. R., Afifi, W. A., & Long, S. D. (2008) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105308090936 · Cited by 182
School-Related Social Support and Adolescents’ School-Related Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction at School
Tian, L., Tian, Q., & Huebner, E. S. (2015) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-015-1021-7 · Cited by 216
25 years of higher-order confirmatory factor analysis in the organizational sciences: A critical review and development of reporting recommendations: Higher-Order Factor Analysis
Credé, M., & Harms, P. D. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2008 · Cited by 181
Factors influencing behavior intentions to telehealth by Chinese elderly: An extended TAM model
Zhou, M., Zhao, L., Kong, N., Campy, K. S., Qu, S., & Wang, S. (2019) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2019.04.001 · Cited by 180
A Cross-Country and Cross-Time Comparison of the Human Values Measurements with the Second Round of the European Social Survey
Davidov, E. (2007) · Survey research methods · doi:10.18148/srm/2008.v2i1.365 · Cited by 180
An Integrative View of School Functioning: Transactions Between Self-Regulation, School Engagement, and Teacher–Child Relationship Quality
Portilla, X. A., Ballard, P. J., Adler, N. E., Boyce, W. T., & Obradović, J. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12259 · Cited by 180
Beyond the Ethnic‐Civic Dichotomy: Cultural Citizenship as a New Way of Excluding Immigrants
Reijerse, A., Acker, K. V., Vanbeselaere, N., Phalet, K., & Duriez, B. (2012) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00920.x · Cited by 180
Perceived support provided by teachers and classmates and students' self-reported academic initiative
Danielsen, A. G., Wiium, N., Wilhelmsen, B. U., & Wold, B. (2010) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2010.02.002 · Cited by 201
Corporate psychopathy and abusive supervision: Their influence on employees' job satisfaction and turnover intentions
Mathieu, C., & Babiak, P. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.002 · Cited by 179
Market orientation, market disruptiveness capability and social enterprise performance: An empirical study from the United Kingdom
Bhattarai, C. R., Kwong, C. C. Y., & Tasavori, M. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.042 · Cited by 187
Latino Adolescents’ Ethnic Identity: Is There a Developmental Progression and Does Growth in Ethnic Identity Predict Growth in Self-Esteem?
Umaña‐Taylor, A. J., Gonzales‐Backen, M. A., & Guimond, A. B. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01267.x · Cited by 178
Factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity of timss math and science motivation measures: A comparison of Arab and Anglo-Saxon countries.
Marsh, H. W., Abduljabbar, A. S., Abu-Hilal, M. M., Morin, A. J. S., Abdelfattah, F. A., Leung, K. C., Xu, M. K., Nagengast, B., & Parker, P. D. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029907 · Cited by 195
Self-citation
Breaking the vicious cycle of language anxiety: Growth language mindsets improve lower-competence ESL students’ intercultural interactions
Lou, N. M., & Noels, K. A. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101847 · Cited by 192
An introduction to using structural equation models in rehabilitation psychology.
Weston, R., Gore, P. A., Chan, F. H., & Catalano, D. (2008) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013039 · Cited by 176
Assessing Cutoff Values of SEM Fit Indices: Advantages of the Unbiased SRMR Index and Its Cutoff Criterion Based on Communality
Ximénez, C., Maydeu‐Olivares, A., Shi, D., & Revuelta, J. (2022) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2021.1992596 · Cited by 194
On the association between adolescent autonomy and psychosocial functioning: Examining decisional independence from a self-determination theory perspective.
Van Petegem, S., Beyers, W., Vansteenkiste, M., & Soenens, B. (2012) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025307 · Cited by 175
Structural equation models are modelling tools with many ambiguities: Comments acknowledging the need for caution and humility in their use
Bagozzi, R. P. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2010.03.001 · Cited by 175
The Psychometric Properties of the Vanderbilt Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnostic Teacher Rating Scale in a Community Population
Wolraich, M. L., Bard, D., Neas, B. R., Doffing, M., & Beck, L. (2013) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31827d55c3 · Cited by 178
Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in a Community Sample of Preschoolers
Ezpeleta, L., de la Osa, N., Granero, R., Penelo, E., & Domènech, J. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.734221 · Cited by 175
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: psychometric properties of the parent and teacher version in children aged 4–7
Stone, L. L., Janssens, J., Vermulst, A. A., der Maten, M. L. J.-V., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Otten, R. (2015) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-015-0061-8 · Cited by 175
Development and validation of the Dark Future scale
Zaleski, Z., Sobol, M., Przepiórka, A., & Meisner, M. (2017) · Time & Society · doi:10.1177/0961463x16678257 · Cited by 175
Cross-Cultural Validation of A Revised Environmental Identity Scale
Clayton, S., Czellar, S., Кимовна, Н.-Б. С., Skibins, J. C., Salazar, G., Tseng, Y., Irkhin, B. D., & Monge, F. S. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13042387 · Cited by 175
Measuring Mindfulness: First Steps Towards the Development of a Comprehensive Mindfulness Scale
Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0102-9 · Cited by 173
The five-factor model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale I: Confirmatory factor analysis fails to confirm 25 published five-factor solutions
van der Gaag, M., CUIJPERS, A., Hoffman, T. O., REMIJSEN, M., Hijman, R., DEHAAN, L., VANMEIJEL, B., VANHARTEN, P., Valmaggia, L., & DEHERT, M. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.04.001 · Cited by 186
Using Online Video to Announce a Restatement: Influences on Investment Decisions and the Mediating Role of Trust
Elliott, W. B., Hodge, F. D., & Sedor, L. M. (2011) · The Accounting Review · doi:10.2308/accr-10202 · Cited by 181
The role of parents' motivation in students' autonomous motivation for doing homework
Katz, I., Kaplan, A., & Buzukashvili, T. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.04.001 · Cited by 189
Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and bifactor ESEM for construct validation purposes: Guidelines and applied example
Alamer, A. (2022) · Research Methods in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100005 · Cited by 179
Navigating the College Years: Developmental Trajectories and Gender Differences in Psychological Functioning, Cognitive-Affective Strategies, and Social Well-Being
Conley, C. S., Shapiro, J. B., Huguenel, B. M., & Kirsch, A. C. (2020) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696818791603 · Cited by 171
Motivation and coping with the stress of assessment: Gender differences in outcomes for university students
Bonneville‐Roussy, A., Evans, P., Verner‐Filion, J., Vallerand, R. J., & Bouffard, T. (2016) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.08.003 · Cited by 193
The Undergraduate Research Student Self-Assessment (URSSA): Validation for Use in Program Evaluation
Weston, T. J., & Laursen, S. L. (2015) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.14-11-0206 · Cited by 169
Does the 12-item General Health Questionnaire contain multiple factors and do we need them?
Gao, F., Luo, N., Thumboo, J., Fones, C. S. L., Li, S., & Cheung, Y. (2004) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-2-63 · Cited by 169
Effective entrepreneurial marketing on Facebook – A longitudinal study
Fink, M., Koller, M., Gartner, J., Floh, A., & Harms, R. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.005 · Cited by 181
How Authentic Leadership Promotes Individual Creativity: The Mediating Role of Affective Commitment
Ribeiro, N. M. P., Duarte, A. P., Filipe, R., & de Oliveira, R. T. (2019) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051819842796 · Cited by 186
Empirical assessment of ISO 9000 related management practices and performance relationships
Singh, P. J. (2007) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2007.02.047 · Cited by 168
Using Exploratory Factor Analysis to Determine the Dimensionality of Discrete Responses
Barendse, M. T., Oort, F. J., & Timmerman, M. E. (2014) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2014.934850 · Cited by 189
Are fit indices really fit to estimate the number of factors with categorical variables? Some cautionary findings via Monte Carlo simulation.
Garrido, L. E., Abad, F. J., & Ponsoda, V. (2015) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000064 · Cited by 188
Adapting fit indices for Bayesian structural equation modeling: Comparison to maximum likelihood.
Garnier‐Villarreal, M., & Jorgensen, T. D. (2019) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000224 · Cited by 177
Parent–teacher agreement on ADHD symptoms across development.
Narad, M. E., Garner, A. A., Peugh, J. L., Tamm, L., Antonini, T. N., Kingery, K. M., Simon, J. O., & Epstein, J. N. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0037864 · Cited by 167
Development and Validation of the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire
Sebire, S. J., Standage, M., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2008) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.30.4.353 · Cited by 177
Influence of caring youth sport contexts on efficacy-related beliefs and social behaviors.
Gano‐Overway, L. A., Newton, M., Magyar, T. M., Fry, M. D., Kim, M.-S., & Guivernau, M. R. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014067 · Cited by 167
Drinking Motives and Links to Alcohol Use in 13 European Countries
Kuntsche, E. N., Gabhainn, S. N., Roberts, C., Windlin, B., Vieno, A., Bendtsen, P., Hublet, A., Tynjälä, J., Välimaa, R. S., Veselská, Z. D., et al. (2014) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.428 · Cited by 167
Teachers’ Burnout: The Role of Trait Emotional Intelligence and Social Support
Fiorilli, C., Benevene, P., STASIO, S. D., Buonomo, I., Romano, L., Pepe, A., & Addimando, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02743 · Cited by 194
The Polish adaptation of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF)
Karaś, D., Cieciuch, J., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.011 · Cited by 166
Measuring Athlete Imagery Ability: The Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire
Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2011) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.33.3.416 · Cited by 179
Peers and Teachers as Sources of Relatedness Perceptions, Motivation, and Affective Responses in Physical Education
Cox, A. E., Duncheon, N., & McDavid, L. (2009) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2009.10599618 · Cited by 188
His biceps become him: A test of objectification theory's application to drive for muscularity and propensity for steroid use in college men.
Parent, M. C., & Moradi, B. (2010) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021398 · Cited by 165
Intentions to drop-out of youth soccer: A test of the basic needs theory among European youth from five countries
Quested, E., Ntoumanis, N., Viladrich, C., Haug, E., Ommundsen, Y., Hoye, A. V., Mercé, J., Hall, H., Comoutos, N., & Duda, J. L. (2013) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2013.830431 · Cited by 212
Technology acceptance among pre-service teachers: Does gender matter?
Teo, T. P., Fan, X., & Du, J. (2015) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.1672 · Cited by 164
Evidence of a continuum structure of academic self-determination: A two-study test using a bifactor-ESEM representation of academic motivation
Litalien, D., Morin, A. J. S., Gagné, M., Vallerand, R. J., Losier, G. F., & Ryan, R. M. (2017) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.06.010 · Cited by 163
Dimensions of oppositional defiant disorder in 3‐year‐old preschoolers
Ezpeleta, L., Granero, R., de la Osa, N., Penelo, E., & Domènech, J. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02545.x · Cited by 169
The meaning and measure of teachers' sense of responsibility for educational outcomes
Lauermann, F., & Karabenick, S. A. (2012) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.10.001 · Cited by 162
Psychological Contracts and Organizational Identification: The Mediating Effect of Perceived Organizational Support
Zagenczyk, T. J., Gibney, R., Few, W. T., & Scott, K. L. (2011) · Journal of Labor Research · doi:10.1007/s12122-011-9111-z · Cited by 162
The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale: Further Examination of Dimensionality, Reliability, and Concurrent Validity Estimates
Osman, A., Lamis, D. A., Bagge, C. L., Freedenthal, S. L., & Barnes, S. M. (2015) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1095761 · Cited by 185
The Questionnaire Big Six in 26 Nations: Developing Cross–Culturally Applicable Big Six, Big Five and Big Two Inventories
Thalmayer, A. G., & Saucier, G. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1969 · Cited by 161
Exploring the impact of teacher emotions on their approaches to teaching: A structural equation modelling approach
Chen, J. (2018) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12220 · Cited by 175
A systematic literature review of exploratory factor analyses in management
Howard, M. C. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113969 · Cited by 177
The missing link? Investigating organizational identity strength and transformational leadership climate as mechanisms that connect CEO charisma with firm performance
Boehm, S. A., Dwertmann, D. J. G., Bruch, H., & Shamir, B. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.07.012 · Cited by 189
Perfectionism, burnout and engagement in youth sport: The mediating role of basic psychological needs
Jowett, G. E., Hill, A. P., Hall, H., & Curran, T. (2016) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.01.001 · Cited by 186
Cross-Cultural Analysis
Allum, N., Sturgis, P., & Read, S. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203882924 · Cited by 160
Queensland teachers’ conceptions of assessment: The impact of policy priorities on teacher attitudes
Brown, G., Lake, R., & Matters, G. (2010) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2010.08.003 · Cited by 160
Assessing Workgroup Norms for Civility: The Development of the Civility Norms Questionnaire-Brief
Walsh, B. M., Magley, V. J., Reeves, D. W., Davies-Schrils, K., Marmet, M. D., & Gallus, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-011-9251-4 · Cited by 159
Exploring sources of construct-relevant multidimensionality in psychiatric measurement: A tutorial and illustration using the Composite Scale of Morningness
Morin, A. J. S., Arens, A. K., Tran, A., & Caci, H. M. (2015) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1485 · Cited by 159
How internal integration, information sharing, and training affect supply chain risk management capabilities
Riley, J. M., Klein, R., Miller, J. L., & Sridharan, V. (2016) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/ijpdlm-10-2015-0246 · Cited by 159
The Application of the Preschool Child Behavior Checklist and the Caregiver–Teacher Report Form to Mainland Chinese Children: Syndrome Structure, Gender Differences, Country Effects, and Inter-Informant Agreement
Liu, J., Cheng, H., & Leung, P. W. L. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9452-8 · Cited by 158
Small-Sample Robust Estimators of Noncentrality-Based and Incremental Model Fit
Herzog, W., & Boomsma, A. (2009) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510802561279 · Cited by 158
Development and validation of the Parents’ Beliefs About Children’s Emotions Questionnaire.
Halberstadt, A. G., Dunsmore, J. C., Bryant, A., Parker, A. E., Beale, K. S., & Thompson, J. A. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0033695 · Cited by 171
Diabolical dictators or capable commanders? An investigation of the differential effects of autocratic leadership on team performance
Hoogh, A. H. B. D., Greer, L. L., & Hartog, D. N. D. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.01.001 · Cited by 191
Factor structure and internal consistency of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Subjective Vitality Scale (VS), and the relationship between them: a study from France
Salama-Younes, M., Montazeri, A., Ismaïl, A., & Roncin, C. (2009) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-7-22 · Cited by 172
Bon Appétit for Apps: Young American Consumers' Acceptance of Mobile Applications
Yang, H. (2013) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2013.11645635 · Cited by 156
Flexible cutoff values for fit indices in the evaluation of structural equation models
Niemand, T., & Mai, R. (2018) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-018-0602-9 · Cited by 174
Perceived safety and attributed value as predictors of the intention to use autonomous vehicles: A national study with Spanish drivers
Montoro, L. V., Useche, S. A., Alonso, F., Lijarcio, I., Seguí, P. B., & Bertolín, A. M.-B. (2019) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.07.041 · Cited by 164
Peer relationships and adolescents’ academic and non‐academic outcomes: Same‐sex and opposite‐sex peer effects and the mediating role of school engagement
Liem, G. A. D., & Martin, A. J. (2011) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.2010.02013.x · Cited by 172
The bright and dark sides of motivation as predictors of enjoyment, intention, and exercise persistence
Rodrigues, F. F., Teixeira, D. S., Neiva, H. P., Cid, L., & Monteiro, D. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13617 · Cited by 191
How Disclosure Features of Corporate Social Responsibility Reports Interact with Investor Numeracy to Influence Investor Judgments
Elliott, W. B., Grant, S. M., & Rennekamp, K. M. (2017) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1911-3846.12302 · Cited by 155
Development of the Brief Ageing Perceptions Questionnaire (B-APQ): a confirmatory factor analysis approach to item reduction
Sexton, E., King‐Kallimanis, B. L., Morgan, K., & McGee, H. M. (2014) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-44 · Cited by 154
Testing for Measurement Equivalence in Surveys
Freitag, M., & Bauer, P. C. (2013) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfs064 · Cited by 159
Does the Ethical Culture of Organisations Promote Managers’ Occupational Well-Being? Investigating Indirect Links via Ethical Strain
Huhtala, M., Feldt, T., Lämsä, A., Mauno, S., & Kinnunen, U. M. (2011) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0719-3 · Cited by 169
Structural equation modelling in marketing and business research
Martínez-López, F. J., Gázquez‐Abad, J. C., & Sousa, C. M. P. (2013) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/03090561311285484 · Cited by 158
Attitudes and doping: a structural equation analysis of the relationship between athletes' attitudes, sport orientation and doping behaviour
Petróczi, A. (2007) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/1747-597x-2-34 · Cited by 153
Perceived context of reception among recent Hispanic immigrants: Conceptualization, instrument development, and preliminary validation.
Schwartz, S. J., Unger, J. B., Lorenzo‐Blanco, E. I., Rosiers, S. E. D., Villamar, J. A., Soto, D. W., Pattarroyo, M., Baezconde-Garbanati, L. A., & Szapocznik, J. (2013) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033391 · Cited by 168
Validity of the Self-Report Psychopathy Scales (SRP-III Full and Short Versions) in a Community Sample
Gordts, S., Uzieblo, K., Neumann, C. S., den Bussche, E. V., & Rossi, G. M. P. (2015) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115606205 · Cited by 153
Development of a Self-Care Assessment for Psychologists.
Dorociak, K. E., Rupert, P. A., Bryant, F. B., & Zahniser, E. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000206 · Cited by 153
Value tradeoffs propel and inhibit behavior: Validating the 19 refined values in four countries
Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Torres, C. V., Dirilen‐Gümüş, Ö., & Butenko, T. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2228 · Cited by 153
The Poor Fit of Model Fit for Selecting Number of Factors in Exploratory Factor Analysis for Scale Evaluation
Montoya, A. K., & Edwards, M. C. (2020) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164420942899 · Cited by 172
Collective teacher innovativeness in 48 countries: Effects of teacher autonomy, collaborative culture, and professional learning
Nguyen, D., Pietsch, M., & Gümüş, S. (2021) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2021.103463 · Cited by 153
Charisma and conservation: charismatic megafauna’s influence on safari and zoo tourists’ pro-conservation behaviors
Skibins, J. C., Powell, R. B., & Hallo, J. C. (2013) · Biodiversity and Conservation · doi:10.1007/s10531-013-0462-z · Cited by 167
A Longitudinal Test of the Relation between German Nationalism, Patriotism, and Outgroup Derogation
Wagner, U., Becker, J. C., Christ, O., Pettigrew, T. F., & Schmidt, P. (2010) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcq066 · Cited by 152
On Nomological Validity and Auxiliary Assumptions: The Importance of Simultaneously Testing Effects in Social Cognitive Theories Applied to Health Behavior and Some Guidelines
Hagger, M. S., Gucciardi, D. F., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01933 · Cited by 160

Authors: Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z.
Affiliations: Western Sydney University (AU)
Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
South China Normal University (CN)
ORCID: Marsh, Herbert W.
Hau, Kit-Tai
Wen, Zhonglin
Venue: Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2004-07
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 320-341
ISSN: 1070-5511 (ISSN-L)
1532-8007
DOI: 10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
OpenAlex: W2025781576
Cited by: 6,691
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 630 · 2025: 545 · 2024: 421 · 2023: 452 · 2022: 485 · 2021: 490 · 2020: 480 · 2019: 413 · 2018: 345 · 2017: 310 · 2016: 292 · 2015: 315 · 2014: 278 · 2013: 253 · 2012: 221
FWCI: 88.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal (publishedVersion)
Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Australian Research Council
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications
Keywords: goodness of fit index, cut-off values, model misspecification, type I error, nested models, hypothesis testing, structural equation modeling, model fit assessment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

In Search of Golden Rules: Comment on Hypothesis-Testing Approaches to Setting Cutoff Values for Fit Indexes and Dangers in Overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) Findings

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks