The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Practice and Forgetting Effects on Vocabulary Memory: An Activation‐Based Model of the Spacing Effect
Open accessAbstract
An experiment was performed to investigate the effects of practice and spacing on retention of Japanese–English vocabulary paired associates. The relative benefit of spacing increased with increased practice and with longer retention intervals. Data were fitted with an activation‐based memory model, which proposes that each time an item is practiced it receives an increment of strength but that these increments decay as a power function of time. The rate of decay for each presentation depended on the activation at the time of the presentation. This mechanism limits long‐term benefits from further practice at higher levels of activation and produces the spacing effect and its observed interactions with practice and retention interval. The model was compared with another model of the spacing effect (Raaijmakers, 2003) and was fit to some results from the literature on spacing and memory.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60422-3 · Cited by 7,216
Raaijmakers, J. G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1981) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.88.2.93 · Cited by 1,696
Schmidt, R. A., & Bjork, R. A. (1992) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00029.x · Cited by 1,582 · cited 3×
“Because of the combinatorial complexity of the Raaijmakers model, it was impractical to model the eight-test trial condition. Therefore, we excluded these data from our modeling effort. To further limit the combinatorial complexity, we only looked at first trial performance on S2. The second issue was more complex. Th…”
BackgroundMethodComponent-levels theory of the effects of spacing of repetitions on recall and recognition
Glenberg, A. M. (1979) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03197590 · Cited by 444
Monotonic and nonmonotonic lag effects in paired-associate and recognition memory paradigms
Glenberg, A. M. (1976) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(76)90002-5 · Cited by 275
Statistical theory of distributional phenomena in learning
Estes, W. K. (1955) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046888 · Cited by 246
Wixted, J. T., & Ebbesen, E. B. (1997) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211316 · Cited by 237
Retention of Spanish vocabulary over 8 years.
Bahrick, H. P., & Phelphs, E. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.13.2.344 · Cited by 228
Single-trace fragility theory of memory dynamics
Wickelgren, W. A. (1974) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198154 · Cited by 224
Scharf, M. T., Woo, N. H., Lattal, K. M., Young, J. Z., Nguyen, P. V., & Abel, T. (2002) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2002.87.6.2770 · Cited by 204
Cited by
Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K. A., Marsh, E. J., Nathan, M. J., & Willingham, D. T. (2013) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100612453266 · Cited by 3,138
Cascade Models of Synaptically Stored Memories
Fusi, S., Drew, P. J., & Abbott, L. F. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.001 · Cited by 569
What makes distributed practice effective?
Benjamin, A. S., & Tullis, J. (2010) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.05.004 · Cited by 323
(2010) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(10)53003-2 · Cited by 255
(2010) · Cited by 186
Metadata
- Authors
- Pavlik, P. I., & Anderson, J. R.
- Venue
- Cognitive Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-07
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 559-586
- ISSN
- 0364-0213 (ISSN-L)
- 1551-6709
- OpenAlex
- W2108602246
- Cited by
- 311
- References
- 13
- FWCI
- 4.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Practice and Forgetting Effects on Vocabulary Memory: An Activation‐Based Model of the Spacing Effect. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_14
- The paper
- Pavlik, P. I., & Anderson, J. R. (2005). Practice and Forgetting Effects on Vocabulary Memory: An Activation‐Based Model of the Spacing Effect. Cognitive Science. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_14
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
