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Ocular Drug Delivery
Open accessAbstract
Ocular drug delivery has been a major challenge to pharmacologists and drug delivery scientists due to its unique anatomy and physiology. Static barriers (different layers of cornea, sclera, and retina including blood aqueous and blood-retinal barriers), dynamic barriers (choroidal and conjunctival blood flow, lymphatic clearance, and tear dilution), and efflux pumps in conjunction pose a significant challenge for delivery of a drug alone or in a dosage form, especially to the posterior segment. Identification of influx transporters on various ocular tissues and designing a transporter-targeted delivery of a parent drug has gathered momentum in recent years. Parallelly, colloidal dosage forms such as nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposomes, and microemulsions have been widely explored to overcome various static and dynamic barriers. Novel drug delivery strategies such as bioadhesive gels and fibrin sealant-based approaches were developed to sustain drug levels at the target site. Designing noninvasive sustained drug delivery systems and exploring the feasibility of topical application to deliver drugs to the posterior segment may drastically improve drug delivery in the years to come. Current developments in the field of ophthalmic drug delivery promise a significant improvement in overcoming the challenges posed by various anterior and posterior segment diseases.
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“This method avoids complications of first-pass metabolism and has the advantage of easy administration, sometimes by the patients themselves. However, barriers, such as the pre-corneal tear film, the structure of the cornea, limited volume, lacrimal drainage system, reflex tearing, and aqueous outflow of the eye, reduce the bioavailability of the product to around 5% or less.35,118,119”
From Gene Therapy for Retinal Degenerative Diseases: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions (2023) · cites this paper as [119]
In the citing paper
“Most gene therapy viral vectors given intravitreally, fail to adequately transduce photoreceptors and RPE, due to the inner limiting membrane that divides the vitreous from the retina.1,15,119,127”
From Gene Therapy for Retinal Degenerative Diseases: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions (2023) · cites this paper as [119]
In the citing paper
“Despite these advantages, intravitreal injections also carry risks of adverse reactions, including inflammation, endophthalmitis, increased intraocular pressure, retinal detachment, hemorrhage, and cataracts, and due to the repeated use of these injections in various treatments, patient compliance can become an issue.119,127,129”
From Gene Therapy for Retinal Degenerative Diseases: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions (2023) · cites this paper as [119]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gaudana, R., Ananthula, H. K., Parenky, A., & Mitra, A. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mitra, Ashim K.
- Venue
- The AAPS Journal
- Published
- 2010-05-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 348-360
- ISSN
- 1550-7416 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2895432
- OpenAlex
- W2018516156
- Cited by
- 1,406
- References
- 256
- Citations by year
- 2026: 114 · 2025: 114 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 100 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 4.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- The AAPS Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY009171, R01EY10659-12, R01EY010659, R01-EY09171-14)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Infections and Treatments
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- ocular drug delivery, blood-aqueous barrier, blood-retinal barrier, cornea, sclera, retina, choroidal blood flow, lymphatic clearance, efflux pumps, influx transporters, nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposomes, microemulsions, bioadhesive gel, fibrin glue, sustained drug release, topical drug delivery, posterior segment, anterior segment
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Topical, Colloids, Eye, Half-Life, Humans, Iontophoresis, Melanins, Pharmacokinetics, Ultrasonics, Drug Delivery Systems
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