Ocular drug delivery: present innovations and future challenges
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery has always been a challenge for ophthalmologists and drug-delivery scientists due to the presence of various anatomic and physiologic barriers. Inimitable static and dynamic ocular barriers not only exclude the entry of xenobiotics but also discourage the active absorption of therapeutic agents. Designing an ideal delivery scheme should include enhanced drug bioavailability and controlled release of drug at the site of action, which can overcome various ocular barriers. Conventional ophthalmic medications include the use of topical eye drops and intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent for treatment of anterior and posterior segment disorders, respectively. Current inventions for anterior ocular segment disorders such as punctum plugs, ocular implants, drug-eluting contact lenses, and ocular iontophoresis represent state-of-the-art inventions for sustained and controlled drug release. Parallel efforts for ocular drug delivery technologies for back of the eye disorders have resulted in the approval of various intravitreal implants. Novel drug-delivery technologies, including nanoparticles, nanomicelles, dendrimers, microneedles, liposomes, and nanowafers, are increasingly studied for anterior and posterior disorders. To achieve patient compliance for back of the eye disorders, novel approaches for noninvasive delivery of potent therapeutic agents are on the rise. In this review article, we discuss past successes, present inventions, and future challenges in ocular drug-delivery technologies. This expert opinion also discusses the future challenges for ocular drug-delivery systems and the clinical translatable potential of nanotechnology from benchtop to bedside.
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Cequa® is currently the only nano-micellar ophthalmic formulation approved by the U.S. FDA (approved on June 28, 2018).
“Cequa® (developed by Sun Pharma) is currently the only nano-micellar ophthalmic formulation approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (approved on June 28, 2018).”
From From design to Deployment: The innovative role of nanomicelles in targeted ophthalmic therapeutics (2025) · cites this paper as [210]
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Hyaluronic acid in ocular drug delivery
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From design to Deployment: The innovative role of nanomicelles in targeted ophthalmic therapeutics
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“Its successful market launches directly verified the clinical value of polymer nanomicelles in breaking through ocular drug delivery barriers such as insufficient corneal penetration and tear dilution and clearance [210].”
- Authors
- Gote, V., Sikder, S., Sicotte, J., & Pal, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-09
- Volume
- 370
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 602-624
- ISSN
- 0022-3565 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2944704306
- Cited by
- 441
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 84 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 17.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Missouri
- Harvard University
- University of Missouri-Kansas City
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Infections and Treatments
- Keywords
- ocular drug delivery, ocular barriers, drug bioavailability, controlled drug release, intravitreal implant, drug-eluting contact lenses, nanoparticles, nanomicelles, dendrimers, microneedles, liposomes, anti-VEGF therapy, anterior segment disorders, non-invasive drug delivery
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Drug Compounding, Eye, Humans, Drug Delivery Systems, Intravitreal Injections, Administration, Ophthalmic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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