The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Large Effects from Small Exposures. III. Endocrine Mechanisms Mediating Effects of Bisphenol A at Levels of Human Exposure
Abstract
Over 6 billion pounds per year of the estrogenic monomer bisphenol A (BPA) are used to manufacture polycarbonate plastic products, in resins lining metal cans, in dental sealants, and in blends with other types of plastic products. The ester bond linking BPA molecules in polycarbonate and resins undergoes hydrolysis, resulting in the release of free BPA into food, beverages, and the environment, and numerous monitoring studies now show almost ubiquitous human exposure to biologically active levels of this chemical. BPA exerts estrogenic effects through the classical nuclear estrogen receptors, and BPA acts as a selective estrogen receptor modulator. However, BPA also initiates rapid responses via estrogen receptors presumably associated with the plasma membrane. Similar to estradiol, BPA causes changes in some cell functions at concentrations between 1 pM and 1 nM, and the mean and median range of unconjugated BPA measured by multiple techniques in human pregnant maternal, fetal, and adult blood and other tissues exceeds these levels. In contrast to these published findings, BPA manufacturers persist in describing BPA as a weak estrogen and insist there is little concern with human exposure levels. Our concern with human exposure to BPA derives from 1) identification of molecular mechanisms mediating effects in human and animal tissues at very low doses, 2) in vivo effects in experimental animals caused by low doses within the range of human exposure, and 3) widespread human exposure to levels of BPA that cause adverse effects in animals.
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Cites
Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Thurman, E. M., Zaugg, S. D., Barber, L. B., & Buxton, H. T. (2002) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es011055j · Cited by 7,953
Evidence for a lack of DNA double-strand break repair in human cells exposed to very low x-ray doses
Rothkamm, K., & Löbrich, M. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0830918100 · Cited by 1,645
Ikezuki, Y., Tsutsumi, O., Takai, Y., Kamei, Y., & Taketani, Y. (2002) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/17.11.2839 · Cited by 886
Exposure to bisphenol A advances puberty
Howdeshell, K. L., Hotchkiss, A. K., Thayer, K. A., Vandenbergh, J. G., & vom Saal, F. S. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/44517 · Cited by 820
Thyroid Hormone Action Is Disrupted by Bisphenol A as an Antagonist
Moriyama, K., Tagami, T., Akamizu, T., Usui, T., Saijo, M., Kanamoto, N., Hataya, Y., Shimatsu, A., Kuzuya, H., & Nakao, K. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020209 · Cited by 812
Timms, B. G., Howdeshell, K. L., Barton, L., Bradley, S., Richter, C. A., & vom Saal, F. S. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0502544102 · Cited by 394
Cited by
Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses
Vandenberg, L. N., Colborn, T., Hayes, T. B., Heindel, J. J., Jacobs, D. R., Lee, D.-H., Shioda, T., Soto, A. M., vom Saal, F. S., Welshons, W. V., et al. (2012) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2011-1050 · Cited by 3,209
Self-citationIn vivo effects of bisphenol A in laboratory rodent studies
Richter, C. A., Birnbaum, L. S., Farabollini, F., Newbold, R. R., Rubin, B. S., Talsness, C. E., Vandenbergh, J. G., Walser-Kuntz, D. R., & vom Saal, F. S. (2007) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.06.004 · Cited by 1,147
Self-citationIn vitro molecular mechanisms of bisphenol A action.
Wetherill, Y. B., Akingbemi, B. T., Kanno, J., McLachlan, J. A., Nadal, A., Sonnenschein, C., Watson, C. S., Zoeller, R. T., & Belcher, S. M. (2007) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.05.010 · Cited by 920
Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with heart disease: evidence from NHANES 2003/06
Melzer, D., Rice, N. E., Lewis, C., Henley, W. E., & Galloway, T. S. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008673 · Cited by 572
Impact of Early-Life Bisphenol A Exposure on Behavior and Executive Function in Children
Braun, J. M., Kalkbrenner, A. E., Calafat, A. M., Yolton, K., Ye, X., Dietrich, K. N., & Lanphear, B. P. (2011) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1335 · Cited by 561
Metadata
- Authors
- Welshons, W. V., Nagel, S. C., & vom Saal, F. S.
- Venue
- Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2006-06-01
- Volume
- 147
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- s56-s69
- ISSN
- 0013-7227 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7170
- OpenAlex
- W2057598257
- Cited by
- 970
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 29.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Welshons, W. V., Nagel, S. C., & vom Saal, F. S. (2006). Large Effects from Small Exposures. III. Endocrine Mechanisms Mediating Effects of Bisphenol A at Levels of Human Exposure. Endocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-1159
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