Minireview: Inflammation and Obesity Pathogenesis: The Hypothalamus Heats Up

Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue

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Inflammation and metabolic disorders

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Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008

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Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance

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Metabolic Endotoxemia Initiates Obesity and Insulin Resistance

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Inflammation and insulin resistance

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Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Mortality in Swedish Obese Subjects

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Annual Medical Spending Attributable To Obesity: Payer-And Service-Specific Estimates

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Long-term mortality after gastric bypass surgery

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Resistance training restores metabolic alterations induced by monosodium glutamate in a sex‐dependent manner in male and female rats

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Altered expression of inflammation-associated genes in the hypothalamus of obesity mouse models

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Live birth rate from euploid blastocysts is not associated with infertility etiology or oocyte source following frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET): analysis of 4148 cycles reported to SART CORS

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Down‐regulation of miRNAs in the brain and development of diet‐induced obesity

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Changes in cannabinoid CB1 receptor functionality in the female rat prefrontal cortex following a high fat diet

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A potential link between obesity and neural stem cell dysfunction

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Role of metabolic dysfunction in treatment resistance of major depressive disorder

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The Other Side of Alzheimer’s Disease: Influence of Metabolic Disorder Features for Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers

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Activation of nuclear factor Kappa B pathway and reduction of hypothalamic oxytocin following hypothalamic lesions

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Obesity is associated with alterations in anatomical connectivity of frontal-corpus callosum

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Adult-Onset CNS Sulfatide Deficiency Causes Sex-Dependent Metabolic Disruption in Aging

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Anatomy, Development, Histology and Normal Function of the Ovary

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Leptin, Obesity, and Leptin Resistance

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Interleukin-6 is a better metabolic biomarker than interleukin-18 in young healthy adults

Carraro, J. C. C., Hermsdorff, H. H. M., Puchau, B., Zulet, M. Á., Milagro, F. I., Bressan, J., & Martínez, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s13105-015-0391-2 · Cited by 8

The NF ‐ κB Signalling Pathway: Mechanisms, Consequences and Therapeutic Targets

Pourdad, B., & Pourdad, A. (2026) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.71229 · Cited by 8

Anomalous expression of miR-103 in polycystic ovary syndrome influenced by hormonal, and metabolic variables

Mu, J., & Li, Q. (2020) · Experimental and Molecular Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104482 · Cited by 7

Thermoneutrality or standard temperature: is there an ideal housing temperature to study the antisteatotic effects of green tea in obese mice?

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Differential expression of hypothalamic, metabolic and inflammatory genes in response to short-term calorie restriction in juvenile obese- and lean-prone JCR rats

Diané, A., Pierce, W. D., Mangat, R., Borthwick, F., Nelson, R. C., Russell, J. C., Heth, C. D., Jacobs, R. L., Vine, D. F., & Proctor, S. D. (2015) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2015.28 · Cited by 7

Can restricting calories help you to live longer?

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Endocrine and metabolic consequences of childhood-onset craniopharyngioma during the transition age: A literature review by the TALENT study group

Alcubierre, D. D., Feola, T., Puliani, G., Ferrigno, R., Amodeo, M. E., d’Aniello, F., Pirchio, R., Sada, V., Pandozzi, C., Sesti, F. F., et al. (2025) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-025-09972-7 · Cited by 8

Heat-Inactivated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum FRT4 Alleviates Diet-Induced Obesity via Gut–Liver Axis Reprogramming

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Microglia/macrophage-specific deletion of TLR-4 protects against neural effects of diet-induced obesity in a sexually dimorphic manner

Liu, J., Zaidi, A. H., & Pike, C. J. (2025) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03534-z · Cited by 11

Effects of Curcumin on Neuroinflammation in Animal Models and in Patients with Alzheimer Disease

Farooqui, A. A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15889-1_7 · Cited by 6

Effect of Long Term Consumption of High Calorie Diet and Calorie Restriction on Human Health

Farooqui, A. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15254-7_1 · Cited by 8

Mental Function and Obesity

Yamada-Goto, N., Katsuura, G., & Nakao, K. (2013) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/56228 · Cited by 6

Neuroimmunomodulation Countering Various Diseases, Disorders, Infections, Stress and Aging

Dhama, K., Kesavan, M., Karthik, K., Amarpal, Tiwari, R., Sunkara, L. T., & Singh, R. (2015) · International Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.3923/ijp.2015.76.94 · Cited by 7

Twelve weeks of smoking cessation therapy with varenicline increases the serum levels of apolipoprotein A-I only in the success group

Iwaoka, M., Shimamura, H., Tsuji, T., & Kugiyama, K. (2014) · Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2014.02.009 · Cited by 6

Obesity and diffusion-weighted imaging of subcortical grey matter in young and older adults

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Neuroendocrine control of glucose homeostasis: integrative mechanisms from the hypothalamus to the brainstem

Gallardo, N., Artigas-Jerónimo, S., Mazuecos, L., & Andrés, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1731725 · Cited by 9

Parkinson’s disease and metabolic disorders, understanding their shared co-morbidity through the autonomic nervous system

Pham, T., Schelling, R. E., & Loh, K. H. (2025) · Advances in genetics · doi:10.1016/bs.adgen.2025.02.001 · Cited by 5

Tanycytes in the nexus of hypothalamic inflammation, appetite control, and obesity

Dali, R., & Langlet, F. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.114917 · Cited by 5

Maternal Consumption of High-Fat Diet Disturbs Hypothalamic Neuronal Function in the Offspring: Implications for the Genesis of Obesity

Velloso, L. A. (2012) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2011-2077 · Cited by 5

Sex‐dependent effects of a high‐fat diet‐induced obesity model on cerebrovascular health and brain metabolism

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Relationships between nutritional intake, appetite regulation, and mental health with body composition among female college students with overweight and obesity

Wang, Q., Soh, K. G., Danaee, M., Gan, W. Y., Zhu, W. L., Mai, Y. Q., & Luo, S. Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1465784 · Cited by 4

Contribution of Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease

Farooqui, A. A., & Farooqui, T. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811959-4.00019-5 · Cited by 4

Adipose Tissue and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

WAJCHENBERG, B. L., & COHEN, R. V. (2014) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-770-9_16 · Cited by 4

Microglia/macrophage-specific deletion of TLR-4 protects against neural effects of diet-induced obesityPreprint

Liu, J., Zaidi, A. H., & Pike, C. J. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.13.580189 · Cited by 4

Weight loss aggravates obesity-induced hypothalamic inflammation in mid-aged mice

Zemer, A., Haim, Y., Tsitrina, A. A., Caspi, V. C., Muallem, H., Pincu, Y., Wong, G. W., Yoel, U., Monsonego, A., & Rudich, A. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-025-01933-x · Cited by 3

Potential causal association of diabetes mellitus and blood glucose related indexes with the onset of epilepsy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

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The Impact of High Saturated Fat and High Glycemic Index Foods on Cognitive Function and Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers

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Effects of Peripheral Neural Blocks in Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: a Pilot Study on Cognitive Functions in Severe Obese Patients

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The Effects of Diet, Exercise, and Sleep on Brain Metabolism and Function

Farooqui, A. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04111-7_1 · Cited by 3

Hypothalamic mitochondria in energy homeostasis and obesity

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Vitamin D and the paraventricular nucleus: Relevance for type 2 diabetes

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Neurochemical Effects of Western Diet Consumption on Human Brain

Farooqui, A. A., & Farooqui, T. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118840634.ch2 · Cited by 3

Fat food exacerbates post-prandial hypothalamic inflammation involving GFAP+ cells and microgliaPreprint

Cansell, C., Stobbe, K., Thuc, O. L., Mosser, C., Fradj, S. B., Leredde, J., Lebeaupin, C., Debayle, D., Fleuriot, L., Brau, F., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/835967 · Cited by 3

Effect of TSH on aromatase expression of ovarian granulosa cells in obese mice

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Obesity as a civilization threat of the XXI century. The Impact of obesity on individual functions of human organ systems

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Neurochemical Effects of Long Term Consumption of High Fat Diet

Farooqui, A. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15254-7_2 · Cited by 2

Hypothalamic Alterations in Obesity

Velloso, L. A. (2014) · Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine · doi:10.4172/1747-0862.s1-026 · Cited by 2

Oxymatrine inhibits the pyroptosis in rat insulinoma cells by affecting nuclear factor kappa B and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 protein/heme oxygenase-1 pathways

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Epigenetics and obesity

Shewchuk, B. M. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18516-8.00015-6 · Cited by 2

Effects of the combination of intermittent fasting and physical exercise on autophagic and leptin pathway in the hypothalamus of obese mice

Oliveira, L. D. C. (2022) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2022.tde-06022023-105659 · Cited by 2

Microglial NF-κB Signaling Deficiency Protects Against Metabolic Disruptions Caused by Volatile Organic Compound via Modulating the Hypothalamic TranscriptomePreprint

Debarba, L. K., Jayarathne, H. S. M., Stilgenbauer, L., dos Santos, A. L. T., Koshko, L., Scofield, S., Sullivan, R., Mandal, A., Klueh, U., & Sadagurski, M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.11.08.566279 · Cited by 2

Mineral elements and adiposity-related consequences in adolescents with intellectual disabilities

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The Impact of Air Pollution and Obesity on Cognitive Decline and Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease

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Comparative Analysis of Hypothalamic Responses to Stress and Glutamine Supplementation in Diet-Induced Obese Mice: A Study of Sex Differences

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Molecular Aspects of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Metabolic Syndrome and Neurological Disorders

Farooqui, A. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7318-3_5 · Cited by 1

Insulin resistance and stroke

Farooqui, A. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819603-8.00005-5 · Cited by 1

The effectiveness of activity based interventions in the management of overweight and obesity in children – a systematic review

Ezenwugo, C. N. (2020) · Cited by 1

High-fat diet and aging-associated memory impairments persist in the absence of microglia in female rats

Malik, S., Xavier, S., Soch, A., Younesi, S., Yip, J. L. K., Slayo, M., Barrientos, R. M., Sominsky, L., & Spencer, S. J. (2024) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.04.010 · Cited by 1

Fatty Acids and Hypothalamic Dysfunction in Obesity

Pimentel, G. D., Contreras, C., & López, M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-63067-036-8.00021-4 · Cited by 1

Resistin As a Biomarker and Applications to PreDiabetes

Üstünsoy, S. (2022) · Biomarkers in disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81303-1_4-1 · Cited by 1

Impact of Obesity in Male and Female Infertility

Razia, D. E. M., Shahzad, A., Hussain, S., Qureshi, N. B., Anwaar, N., & Aftab, A. (2021) · FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.52700/fcs.v2i2.36 · Cited by 1

Resistin as a Biomarker and Applications to Prediabetes

Üstünsoy, S. (2022) · Biomarkers in disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08014-2_4 · Cited by 1

Is Diabetes a Risk Factor for Parkinson Disease?

Farooqui, A. A., & Farooqui, T. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118395318.ch20 · Cited by 1

Altered hypothalamic microstructure in human obesityPreprint

Thomas, K., Beyer, F., Lewe, G., Zhang, R., Schindler, S., Schönknecht, P., Stümvoll, M., Villringer, A., & Witte, A. V. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/593004 · Cited by 1

The effects of long-term sucrose consumption on olfactory neurogenesis and neuroinflammation

Keys, C. (2023) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.244721 · Cited by 1

Intestinal Gene Expression Profiling and Fatty Acid Responses to a High-fat Diet

Cedernaes, J. (2013) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)

The Role of Diet in Inflammation and Metabolic Syndrome

Sears, B. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16853-1_1

Summary, Perspective and Direction for Future Studies

Farooqui, A. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04111-7_11

Obesidade: um enfoque na inflamação periférica e central

Fróes, F. T. (2012) · Lume (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul)

The potential crosstalk between the brain and adipose tissue in Obesity

Al-Mazidi, S. H., & Zakareia, F. A. (2016) · European Medical Health and Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.12955/emhpj.v9i1.720

Medicamentos que favorecen la pérdida de peso y el control metabólico en las personas obesas con diabetes

Rodríguez, J. H., & Puig, M. E. L. (2013)

A fractalkina (CX3CL1) está envolvida nas etapas iniciais de ativação da inflamação no hipotálamo de roedores obesos

Morari, J. (2013) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2013.917221

Regulação anômala da autofagia em tecido adiposo na obesidade

Nuñez, C. E. C. (2013) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2013.905630

The role of neuronal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta in diet-induced obesity and hypothalamic inflammation

Kocalis, H. E. (2012)

Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Bano, G. (2013)

LPS-STIMULATED STAT3 ACTIVATION IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS 2

Borges, B. C., Rorato, R. C., Uchôa, E. T., da Silva, G. S. F., Júnior, F. J. D. P., Branco, L. G. S., Antunes‐Rodrigues, J., Leico, L., & Elias, K. (2013)

Epigenetics and obesity

Shewchuk, B. M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800226-1.00016-2

The Effects of Saturated Fatty Acid Palmitate on Neuropeptide Gene Expression, Signal Transduction, and Insulin Signaling in an Immortalized Hypothalamic Neuronal Cell Model, mHypoA-NPY/GFP

Wong, B. C. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)

7. The role of diet in systemic and neural inflammation in obesity and metabolic syndrome

Masquio, D. C. L., Campos, R. M. D. S., Corgosinho, F. C., Castro, S., Kravchychyn, A. C. P., de Piano, A., & Dâmaso, A. R. (2017) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-853-7_7

THE ROLE OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IN THE MODULATION OF FOOD INTAKE AND BODY WEIGHTPreprint

Dalby, M. J. (2017) · Thesis Commons (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31237/osf.io/rqz2p

Resposta astrocitária no hipotálamo de camundongos submetidos a dieta hiperlipídica e treinamento físico

Nogueira, P. A. S. (2016) · doi:10.14393/ufu.di.2016.604

Analysis of Differential Expression of Neurotransmitter Receptors with TNF-a Treatment in Rat Primary Hypothalamic Cell

Lu, T., Xia, J.-C., Long, T., & Qin, D.-N. (2019) · Activitas Nervosa Superior · doi:10.1007/s41470-019-00055-y

Insulin resistance and obesity

Farooqui, A. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819603-8.00001-8

The Association Between Dietary Antioxidants, Superoxide Dismutase Activity, and Serum Levels of Inflammatory Factors in Children With ADHD

Namjoo, I., Naeini, A. A., Najafi, M., Ghazvini, M. R. A., & Hasanzadeh, A. (2021) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.2021.1489.2

Effects of dietary patterns, exercise on neuroinflammation: Perspective and future studies

Farooqui, A. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88460-0.00005-9

Avaliação da disfunção hipotalâmica em crianças e adolescentes com obesidade

SEWAYBRICKER, L. E. (2016) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2016.976980

Regulation | Metabolic Roles of Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Neuropeptides

Faber, C. L., & Morton, G. J. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.21268-5

Faculty Opinions recommendation of Peroxisome proliferation-associated control of reactive oxygen species sets melanocortin tone and feeding in diet-induced obesity.

Heisler, L. K. (2012) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.13306991.15270070

O polimorfismo GLY482SER do gene de PGC-1 alfa como indicador de melhor desfecho metabólico, inflamatório e vascular em pacientes obesos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica

Geloneze, S. R. (2012) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2012.858254

Faculty Opinions recommendation of A hypothesis linking the energy demand of the brain to obesity risk.

Peters, A. (2019) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.736011572.793561768

Pediatric Obesity

(2020) · American Academy of PediatricsItasca, IL eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610023610-33

Pediatric Obesity

(2020) · American Academy of PediatricsItasca, IL eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610024181-33

Habitual and supplemented prebiotic diets and their links to inflammatory serum markers and hypothalamic microstructure in young, overweight adults: a pre-registered studyPreprint

Töws, E., Medawar, E., Thieleking, R., Beyer, F., Stümvoll, M., Villringer, A., & Witte, A. V. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.11.01.23297892

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