Growth Hormone and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Gola, Monica; Bonadonna, Stefania; Doga, Mauro; Giustina, Andrea

doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0545

Cited by 135Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth FactorsHormonal and reproductive studiesPituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments

Growth Hormone and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Gola, Monica, Bonadonna, Stefania, Doga, Mauro, Giustina, Andrea·2005·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jc.2004-0545

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Abstract

The aim of this article is to review the lessons on the relationship between GH and the principal metabolic cardiovascular risk factors that we learned from studies of GH deficiency (GHD) in the adult. The lesson that "organic" GHD has taught us is that primary impairment in the GH/IGF-I axis may lead to a high-risk cardiovascular profile that is partially reversible during GH replacement. Waiting for the definitive demonstration that GH substitution may reduce cardiovascular mortality in these patients, we find that data so far reported are encouraging and indicate in the beneficial cardiovascular effects of GH one of the major factors supporting this type of treatment in hypopituitary GHD adults. Moreover, enough evidence from GHD studies has been produced to suggest a physiological role for the GH/IGF-I axis in the control and regulation of several metabolic cardiovascular risk factors.

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Surgery and radiotherapy for Cushing disease can cause hypopituitarism, including GH deficiency, which if untreated may alter glucose metabolism and raise cardiovascular risk.
“Both treatments can cause hypopituitarism (including GH deficiency) that, left untreated, may alter glucose metabolism and raise patients' cardiovascular risk ().”
From Glucose Metabolism Abnormalities in Cushing Syndrome: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Management (2017) · cites this paper as [266]

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Abnormalities of very low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 metabolism contribute to the dyslipidaemia of adult growth hormone deficiency.
Cummings, M. H., Christ, E., Umpleby, A. M., Albany, E., Wierzbicki, A. S., Lumb, P. J., Sönksen, P. H., & Russell-Jones, D. L. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A low individualized GH dose in young patients with childhood onset GH deficiency normalized serum IGF‐I without significant deterioration in glucose tolerance
Bülow, B., & Erfurth, E. M. (1999) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00595.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Growth hormone increases and insulin-like growth factor-I decreases circulating lipoprotein(a)
Laron, Z., Wang, X. L., Klinger, B., Silbergeld, A., & Wilcken, D. E. L. (1997) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1360377 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fasting and Postprandial Lipid Abnormalities in Hypopituitary Women Receiving Conventional Replacement Therapy
Al-Shoumer, K. A. S. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.82.8.2653 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Gender difference in the response of growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults to GH therapy
Hayes, F. J., Fiad, T. M., & McKenna, T. J. (1999) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90077-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Basic counterpoint: mechanisms and pathways of gonadal steroid modulation of growth hormone secretion
Wehrenberg, W. B. (1992) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.13.2.299 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Acute Effect of Pegvisomant on Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Healthy Men: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis in GH Deficiency
Muller, A. F., Leebeek, F. W. G., Janssen, J. A. M. J. L., Lamberts, S. W. J., Hofland, L. J., & van der Lely, A. J. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.11.7987 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Homocysteine and Vascular Disease: Nature or Nurture?
Meleady, R. A., & Graham, I. M. (1998) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/174182679800500405 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
IGFs: function and clinical importance 5 Therapeutic potential of rhIGF‐I in diabetes and conditions of insulin resistance
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Homocysteine and vascular disease: nature or nurture?
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Strategies for Appraising Suspected Growth Hormone Deficiency in the Adult
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Physiological Effects of Growth Hormone on the Heart
Lombardi, G., & Colao, A. (2001) · Endocrine updates · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1579-1_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

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Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and the Skeleton
Giustina, A., Mazziotti, G., & CANALIS, E. M. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2007-0036 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
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Hypothalamopituitary Dysfunction Following Traumatic Brain Injury and Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review
Schneider, H. J., Kreitschmann-Andermahr, I., Ghigo, E., Stalla, G. K., & Agha, A. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.12.1429 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Systemic Complications of Acromegaly and the Impact of the Current Treatment Landscape: An Update
Gadelha, M. R., Kasuki, L., Lim, D. S. T., & Fleseriu, M. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00115 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, and the Kidney: Pathophysiological and Clinical Implications
Kamenický, P., Mazziotti, G., Lombès, M., Giustina, A., & Chanson, P. (2013) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2013-1071 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
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Glucocorticoids and the regulation of growth hormone secretion
Mazziotti, G., & Giustina, A. (2013) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.5 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
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Diabetes in Cushing syndrome: basic and clinical aspects
Mazziotti, G., Gazzaruso, C., & Giustina, A. (2011) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2011.09.001 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
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Peptide Hormone Regulation of Angiogenesis
Clapp, C., Thébault, S. C., Jeziorski, M. C., & de la Escalera, G. M. (2009) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00024.2009 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Impact of Somatostatin Analogs on the Heart in Acromegaly: A Metaanalysis
Maison, P., Tropeano, A., Macquin‐Mavier, I., Giustina, A., & Chanson, P. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2547 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
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Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) in Childhood and Adolescence: Recent Advances
Alatzoglou, K. S., Webb, E. A., Tissier, P. L., & Dattani, M. (2014) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2013-1067 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Risk in Adult Patients With Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency and Following Substitution With GH—An Update
Gazzaruso, C., Gola, M., Karamouzis, I., Giubbini, R., & Giustina, A. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-2394 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
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GH and the cardiovascular system: an update on a topic at heart
Isgaard, J., Arcopinto, M., Karason, K., & Cittadini, A. (2014) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0327-6 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Glucose Metabolism Abnormalities in Cushing Syndrome: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Management
Scaroni, C., Zilio, M., Foti, M., & Boscaro, M. (2017) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2016-1105 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Physical Function in Healthy Older Men. Time to Talk Hormones?
Giannoulis, M. G., Martin, F. C., Nair, K. S., Umpleby, A. M., & Sonksen, P. (2012) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2012-1002 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Predictive Value of Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Levels in Ischemic Stroke Outcome
Bondanelli, M., Ambrosio, M. R., Onofri, A., Bergonzoni, A., Lavezzi, S., Zatelli, M. C., Valle, D., Basaglia, N., & Uberti, E. C. D. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1040 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Relationships between serum IGF1 levels, blood pressure, and glucose tolerance: an observational, exploratory study in 404 subjects
Colao, A., Somma, C. D., Cascella, T., Pivonello, R., Vitale, G., Grasso, L. F. S., Lombardi, G., & Savastano, S. (2008) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-08-0201 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Management of endocrine disease: risk of overtreatment in patients with adrenal insufficiency: current and emerging aspects
Mazziotti, G., Formenti, A. M., Frara, S., Roca, E., Mortini, P., Berruti, A., & Giustina, A. (2017) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-17-0154 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
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Lack of Evidence of Premature Atherosclerosis in Untreated Severe Isolated Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency due to a GH-Releasing Hormone Receptor Mutation
Oliveira, J. L. M., Marques-Santos, C., Barreto‐Filho, J. A., Ximenes, R., Britto, A. V. D. O., Souza, A. H. O., Prado, C. M., Oliveira, C. R. P., Pereira, R. M. C., Vicente, T. A. R., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2571 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Positive effects of a physiological dose of GH on markers of atherogenesis: a placebo-controlled study in patients with adult-onset GH deficiency
Bollerslev, J., Ueland, T., Jørgensen, A. P., Fougner, K. J., Wergeland, R., Schreiner, T., & Burman, P. (2006) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.1.02125 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The metabolic effects of growth hormone in adipose tissue
Chaves, V. E., Júnior, F. M., & Bertolini, G. L. (2013) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-013-9904-3 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Growth Hormone Perturbations in Fibromyalgia: A Review
Jones, K. D., Deodhar, P., Lorentzen, A., Bennett, R. M., & Deodhar, A. A. (2007) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.09.006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Congenital Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency and Atherosclerosis: Effects of GH Replacement in GH-Naive Adults
Oliveira, J. L. M., Aguiar-Oliveira, M. H., D’Oliveira, A., Pereira, R. M. C., Oliveira, C. R. P., Farias, C. T., Barreto‐Filho, J. A., Anjos-Andrade, F. D., Marques-Santos, C., Nascimento-Junior, A. C., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1636 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Growth hormone deficiency in the adult
Doga, M., Bonadonna, S., Gola, M., Mazziotti, G., & Giustina, A. (2006) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-006-0410-y · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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The influence of growth hormone replacement on peripheral inflammatory and cardiovascular risk markers in adults with severe growth hormone deficiency
Deepak, D. S., Daousi, C., Javadpour, M., Clark, D. J., PERRY, Y. S., Pinkney, J. H., & MacFarlane, I. A. (2010) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2010.02.002 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Growth Hormone Treatment on Atherosclerosis: Results of a 5-Year Open, Prospective, Controlled Study in Male Patients with Severe Growth Hormone Deficiency
Colao, A., Somma, C. D., Spiezia, S., Savastano, S., Rota, F., Savanelli, M. C., & Lombardi, G. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2810 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Insulin Sensitivity and β-Cell Function in Adults with Lifetime, Untreated Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency
Oliveira, C. R. P., Salvatori, R., Barreto-Filho, J. A. S., Rocha, Í. E. S., Mari, A., Pereira, R. M. C., Campos, V. C., Menezes, M., Gomes, E. S., Meneguz‐Moreno, R. A., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2590 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Sarcopenia predicts adverse outcomes in an elderly population with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xue, Q., Wu, J., Ren, Y., Hu, J., Yang, K., & Cao, J. (2021) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-021-02438-w · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Impact of adult growth hormone deficiency on metabolic profile and cardiovascular risk [Review]
Giovannini, L., Tirabassi, G., Muscogiuri, G., Somma, C. D., Colao, A., & Balercia, G. (2015) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej15-0337 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
MOD-4023, a long-acting carboxy-terminal peptide-modified human growth hormone: results of a Phase 2 study in growth hormone-deficient adults
Strasburger, C. J., Vaňuga, P., Payer, J., Pfeifer, M., POPOVIC, V. M., Bajnok, L., Góth, M., Olšovská, V., Trejbalová, L., Vadász, J., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-16-0748 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Diabetes in Cushing Disease
Mazziotti, G., Formenti, A., Frara, S., Maffezzoni, F., Doga, M., & Giustina, A. (2017) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0860-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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Associations of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, IGF Binding Protein (IGFBP)-2 and IGFBP-3 with Ultrasound Measures of Atherosclerosis and Plaque Stability in an Older Adult Population
Martin, R. M., Gunnell, D., Whitley, E., Nicolaides, A. N., GRIFFIN, M. B., Georgiou, N., Smith, G. D., Ebrahim, S. B. J., & Holly, J. M. P. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2295 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Associations of age-dependent IGF-I SDS with cardiovascular diseases and risk conditions: cross-sectional study in 6773 primary care patients
Schneider, H. J., Klotsche, J., Saller, B., Böhler, S., Sievers, C., Pittrow, D. B., Ruf, G., März, W., Erwa, W., Zeiher, A. M., et al. (2008) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-07-0600 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Does a Gender-Related Effect of Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement Exist on Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Cardiac Morphology, and Performance and Atherosclerosis? Results of a Two-Year Open, Prospective Study in Young Adult Men and Women with Severe GH Deficiency
Colao, A., Somma, C. D., Cuocolo, A., Spinelli, L., Acampa, W., Spiezia, S., Rota, F., Savanelli, M. C., & Lombardi, G. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0597 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Italian Society for the Study of Diabetes (SID)/Italian Endocrinological Society (SIE) guidelines on the treatment of hyperglycemia in Cushing’s syndrome and acromegaly
Baroni, M. G., Giorgino, F., Pezzino, V., Scaroni, C., & Avogaro, A. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-015-0404-6 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Subtle Alterations of Cardiac Performance in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency: Results of a Two-Year Prospective, Case-Control Study
Capalbo, D., Vecchio, A. L., Farina, V., Spinelli, L., Palladino, A., Tiano, C., Lettiero, T., Lombardi, G., Colao, A. A. L., & Salerno, M. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2639 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Effects of adult growth hormone deficiency and replacement therapy on the cardiometabolic risk profile
Ratku, B., Sebestyén, V., Erdei, A., Nagy, E. V., Szabó, Z., & Somodi, S. (2022) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-022-01207-1 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Adipokine Profile and Urinary Albumin Excretion in Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency
Oliveira, C. R. P., Salvatori, R., Meneguz‐Moreno, R. A., Aguiar-Oliveira, M. H., Pereira, R. M. C., Valença, E. H. A., Araújo, V. P., Farias, N. T., Silveira, D. C. R., Vieira, J. G. H., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1919 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
COVID-19 and hypopituitarism
Frara, S., Loli, P., Allora, A., Santini, C., di Filippo, L., Mortini, P., Fleseriu, M., & Giustina, A. (2021) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-021-09672-y · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Growth Hormone Exerts Acute Vascular Effects Independent of Systemic or Muscle Insulin-like Growth Factor I
Li, G., del Rincon, J. P., Jahn, L. A., Wu, Y., Gaylinn, B. D., Thorner, M. O., & Liu, Z. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2021 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Growth hormone deficiency and hypopituitarism in adults after complicated mild traumatic brain injury
Giuliano, S., Talarico, S., Bruno, L., Nicoletti, F. B., Ceccotti, C., & Belfiore, A. (2016) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1183-3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The prolactin family hormones regulate vascular tone through NO and prostacyclin production in isolated rat aortic rings
González, C., Rosas-Hernández, H., Jurado-Manzano, B. B., Ramirez-Lee, M. A., Salazar-Garcia, S., Martinez-Cuevas, P. P., Velarde‐Salcedo, A. J., Morales‐Loredo, H., Espinosa‐Tanguma, R., Ali, S. F., et al. (2015) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/aps.2014.159 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Treatment of Acromegaly: Future
Donangelo, I., & Melmed, S. K. (2005) · Endocrine · doi:10.1385/endo:28:1:123 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
GH receptor isoforms and skeletal fragility in acromegaly
Mormando, M., Nasto, L. A., Bianchi, A., Mazziotti, G., Giampietro, A., Pola, E., Pontecorvi, A., Giustina, A., & Marinis, L. D. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0205 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Growth hormone deficiency in treated acromegaly
Mazziotti, G., Marzullo, P., Doga, M., Aimaretti, G., & Giustina, A. (2015) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2014.10.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
Easypod™ a new electronic injection device for growth hormone
Dahlgren, J. (2008) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1586/17434440.5.3.297 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
GH and Pituitary Hormone Alterations After Traumatic Brain Injury
Karaca, Z., Tanrıverdi, F., Ünlühızarcı, K., & Keleştimur, F. (2015) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.10.010 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Evaluation of IGF1/IGFBP3 Molar Ratio as an Effective Tool for Assessing the Safety of Growth Hormone Therapy in Small-for-gestational-age, Growth Hormone-Deficient and Prader-Willi Children
Gaddas, M., Périn, L., & Bouc, Y. L. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2018.0277 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Brazilian adult individuals with untreated isolated GH deficiency do not have accelerated subclinical atherosclerosis
Costa, U. M. M., Oliveira, C. R. P., Salvatori, R., Barreto-Filho, J. A. S., Campos, V. C., Oliveira, F. T., Rocha, Í. E. S., Oliveira, J. L. M., Silva, W. A., & Aguiar-Oliveira, M. H. (2016) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-15-0118 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lifetime, untreated isolated GH deficiency due to a GH-releasing hormone receptor mutation has beneficial consequences on bone status in older individuals, and does not influence their abdominal aorta calcification
Souza, A. H. O., Farias, M. I. T., Salvatori, R., Silva, G. M. F., Santana, J. A. M., Pereira, F. A., de Paula, F. J. A., Valença, E. H. O., de Melo, E. V., Barbosa, R. A. A., et al. (2013) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-013-0118-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Growth hormone deficiency in treated acromegaly and active Cushing's syndrome
Formenti, A. M., Maffezzoni, F., Doga, M., Mazziotti, G., & Giustina, A. (2017) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2017.03.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Androgen Deficiency in the Aging Male
Morales, Á., & Heaton, J. P. W. (2005) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/1-59259-871-4:279 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Increased lipid peroxidation in adult GH-deficient patients: Effects of short-term GH administration
Scacchi, M., Valassi, E., Pincelli, A. I., Fatti, L. M., Giraldi, F. P., Ascoli, P., Viarengo, R., Cestaro, B., Cavagnini, F., & Cazzola, R. (2006) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03349194 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Growth hormone and the risk of atherosclerosis in growth hormone-deficient children
Binay, Ç., Şimşek, E., Yıldırım, A., Köşger, P., Demiral, M., & Kılıç, Z. (2015) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2015.08.005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cardiovascular effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment on GH-deficient adults: a meta-analysis update
Zhang, S., Li, Z., Lv, Y., Sun, L., Xiao, X., Gang, X., & Wang, G. (2020) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-020-01036-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hormones as doping in sports
Duntas, L. H., & POPOVIC, V. M. (2012) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9794-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Growth Hormone Deficiency: Effects of Growth Hormone Substitution
Burger, A., Monson, J. P., Colao, A. M. L., & Klibanski, A. (2006) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.12.6.682 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Unusual effects of GH deficiency in adults: a review about the effects of GH on skin, sleep, and coagulation
Tanriverdi, F., Karaca, Z., Unluhizarci, K., & Kelestimur, F. (2014) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-014-0276-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Long COVID and pituitary dysfunctions: a bidirectional relationship?
di Filippo, L., Franzese, V., Santoro, S., Doga, M., & Giustina, A. (2024) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-024-01442-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Growth hormone and HIV infection: Contribution to disease manifestations and clinical implications
Falutz, J. (2011) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2010.11.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Effects of growth hormone and/or testosterone on very low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B100 kinetics and plasma lipids in healthy elderly men: A randomised controlled trial
Giannoulis, M. G., Jackson, N., Shojaee‐Moradie, F., Sönksen, P. H., Martin, F. C., & Umpleby, A. M. (2006) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2006.08.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Safety of current recombinant human growth hormone treatments for adults with growth hormone deficiency and unmet needs
Höybye, C., Beck‐Peccoz, P., Şimşek, S., Zabransky, M., Zouater, H., Stalla, G. K., & Murray, R. D. (2020) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2020.1839410 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Relationship Between Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Axis Integrity and Voluntary Weight Loss After Gastric Banding Surgery for Severe Obesity
Savastano, S., Angrisani, L., Somma, C. D., Rota, F., Savanelli, M. C., Cascella, T., Orio, F., Lombardi, G., & Colao, A. (2009) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-009-9926-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Recombinant Human Growth Hormone
Benedini, S., Terruzzi, I. M., Lazzarin, A., & Luzi, L. (2008) · BioDrugs · doi:10.2165/00063030-200822020-00003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Anterior pituitary hormone replacement therapy—a clinical review
Auernhammer, C. J., & Vlotides, G. (2007) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-007-0001-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Persisting effects on fasting glucose levels and insulin sensitivity after 6 months of discontinuation of a very low‐dose GH therapy in adults with severe GH deficiency
Yuen, K. C. J., & Dunger, D. B. (2006) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02507.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
GH Replacement in the Elderly: Is It Worth It?
Bitti, S. R., Franco, M., Albertelli, M., Gatto, F., Vera, L., Ferone, D., & Boschetti, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.680579 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Italian Society for the Study of Diabetes (SID)/Italian Endocrinological Society (SIE) guidelines on the treatment of hyperglycemia in Cushing's syndrome and acromegaly
Baroni, M. G., Giorgino, F., PEZZINO, V., Scaroni, C. M., & Avogaro, A. (2016) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2016.02.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Growth hormone deficiency and cardiovascular risk: do we need additional markers?
Gola, M., & Giustina, A. (2012) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-012-9769-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Growth Hormone
Bonert, V. S., & Melmed, S. K. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804169-7.00004-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cardiovascular risk in aging and obesity: Is there a role for GH?
Gola, M., Bonadonna, S., Doga, M., Mazziotti, G., & Giustina, A. (2005) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03347561 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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One-year GH replacement therapy reduces early cardiac target organ damage (TOD) in adult GHD patients
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1 Growth hormone deficiency and cardiovascular risk
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Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Growth Hormone Deficiency: Effects of Growth Hormone Substitution
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Authors: Gola, M., Bonadonna, S., Doga, M., & Giustina, A.
Affiliations: University of Brescia (IT)
Corresponding author: Giustina, Andrea
ORCID: Bonadonna, Stefania
Giustina, Andrea
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2005-03
Volume: 90
Issue: 3
Pages: 1864-1870
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-0545
OpenAlex: W2062026358
Cited by: 135
References: 87
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 1.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
Keywords: growth hormone, cardiovascular risk factors, growth hormone deficiency, insulin-like growth factor I, growth hormone replacement therapy, hypopituitarism, cardiovascular mortality, metabolic risk factors
MeSH terms: Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Hypopituitarism, Risk Factors, Human Growth Hormone

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Growth Hormone and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

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