The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Body Fat and Vitamin D Status in Black Versus White Women
Abstract
Obesity has been linked to lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] values, but whether this relationship plays a role in the poorer vitamin D status observed in blacks vs. whites is not clear. This study examines the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and percent body fat (%BF) by race in 6042 women (3567 non-Hispanic whites and 2475 non-Hispanic blacks), aged 12+ yr, from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994). Serum 25(OH)D values were measured with an RIA kit (DiaSorin), and %BF was calculated from bioelectrical impedance analysis. Adjusting for %BF only slightly reduced differences in mean serum 25(OH)D by race. The negative relationship between serum 25(OH)D and %BF was noticeably stronger in whites than in blacks of the same age. Within race, the relationship was stronger in younger than older individuals. Adjusting for confounders reduced, but did not remove, these differences in relationship strength. In conclusion, the serum 25(OH)D-%BF relationship in women varies both by race (stronger in whites than blacks) and age (stronger in younger than older persons). This complex relationship may explain why differences in obesity do not appear to play a major role in explaining variation in serum 25(OH)D by race.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity
Wortsman, J., Matsuoka, L. Y., Chen, T. C., Lu, Z., & Holick, M. F. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.3.690 · Cited by 3,204
Nesby-O’Dell, S., Scanlon, K. S., Cogswell, M. E., Gillespie, C., Hollis, B. W., Looker, A. C., Allen, C., Doughertly, C., Gunter, E. W., & Bowman, B. A. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.1.187 · Cited by 1,001
Self-citationSun, S. S., Chumlea, W. C., Heymsfield, S. B., Lukaski, H. C., Schoeller, D., Friedl, K., Kuczmarski, R. J., Flegal, K. M., Johnson, C. L., & Hubbard, V. S. (2003) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.2.331 · Cited by 692 · cited 3×
“Total body water and fat-free mass (FFM) were calculated from Res measurements using prediction equations that have been validated and published for NHANES III previously (16).”
MethodInfluentialBody composition estimates from NHANES III bioelectrical impedance data
Chumlea, W., Guo, S., Kuczmarski, R., Flegal, K., Johnson, C., Heymsfield, S., Lukaski, H., Friedl, K., & Hubbard, V. (2002) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802167 · Cited by 507
Vitamin D status and bone histomorphometry in gross obesity
Compston, J. E., Vedi, S., Ledger, J. E., Webb, A., Gazet, J. C., & Pilkington, T. R. (1981) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.11.2359 · Cited by 249
Cited by
Adiposity, Cardiometabolic Risk, and Vitamin D Status: The Framingham Heart Study
Cheng, S., Massaro, J. M., Fox, C. S., Larson, M. G., Keyes, M. J., McCabe, E. L., Robins, S. J., O'Donnell, C. J., Hoffmann, U., Jacques, P. F., et al. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db09-1011 · Cited by 521
Vitamin D3 Is More Potent Than Vitamin D2 in Humans
Heaney, R. P., Recker, R. R., Grote, J., Horst, R. L., & Armas, L. A. G. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2230 · Cited by 414
Golden, S. H., Brown, A., Cauley, J. A., Chin, M. H., Gary-Webb, T. L., Kim, C., Sosa, J. A., Sumner, A. E., & Anton, B. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2043 · Cited by 405
Physiological functions of Vitamin D in adipose tissue
Abbas, M. A. (2017) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.08.004 · Cited by 334
Vitamin D and cardiovascular health
de la Guía-Galipienso, F., Martínez-Ferran, M., Vallecillo, N., Lavie, C. J., Sanchis-Gomar, F., & Pareja-Galeano, H. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.025 · Cited by 334
Metadata
- Authors
- Looker, A. C.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2005-02-01
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 635-640
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2045913083
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 6.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Body Fat and Vitamin D Status in Black Versus White Women. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1210/jc.2004-1765
- The paper
- Looker, A. C. (2005). Body Fat and Vitamin D Status in Black Versus White Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1765
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
