Cited by 711Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchStress Responses and CortisolMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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Transgenerational Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Babies of Mothers Exposed to the World Trade Center Attacks during Pregnancy

Yehuda, Rachel, Engel, Stephanie Mulherin, Brand, Sarah R., Seckl, Jonathan, Marcus, Sue M., Berkowitz, Gertrud S.·2005·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1210/jc.2005-0550

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Reduced cortisol levels have been linked with vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the risk factor of parental PTSD in adult offspring of Holocaust survivors. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to report on the relationship between maternal PTSD symptoms and salivary cortisol levels in infants of mothers directly exposed to the World Trade Center collapse on September 11, 2001 during pregnancy. DESIGN: Mothers (n = 38) collected salivary cortisol samples from themselves and their 1-yr-old babies at awakening and at bedtime. RESULTS: Lower cortisol levels were observed in both mothers (F = 5.15, df = 1, 34; P = 0.030) and babies of mothers (F = 8.0, df = 1, 29; P = 0.008) who developed PTSD in response to September 11 compared with mothers who did not develop PTSD and their babies. Lower cortisol levels were most apparent in babies born to mothers with PTSD exposed in their third trimesters. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that effects of maternal PTSD related to cortisol can be observed very early in the life of the offspring and underscore the relevance of in utero contributors to putative biological risk for PTSD.

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Authors: Yehuda, R., Engel, S. M., Brand, S. R., Seckl, J., Marcus, S. M., & Berkowitz, G. S.
Affiliations: James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
Western General Hospital (GB)
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
Corresponding author: Yehuda, Rachel
ORCID: Yehuda, Rachel
Engel, Stephanie Mulherin
Seckl, Jonathan
Venue: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2005-07
Volume: 90
Issue: 7
Pages: 4115-4118
ISSN: 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
1945-7197
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-0550
OpenAlex: W2124699909
Cited by: 711
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 37.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
New York Community Trust
National Institute of Mental Health (5 R01 MH64675-03, R01MH064675)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P42 ES07384, P42ES007384)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, maternal PTSD, transgenerational effects, salivary cortisol, infants, World Trade Center attacks, September 11 attacks, prenatal exposure, third trimester, biological risk
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Terrorism

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Transgenerational Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Babies of Mothers Exposed to the World Trade Center Attacks during Pregnancy

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