The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 63 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS) are the major circulating adrenal steroids and substrates for peripheral sex hormone biosynthesis. In Addison's disease, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiencies require lifelong replacement, but the associated near-total failure of DHEA synthesis is not typically corrected. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: In a double-blind trial, we randomized 106 subjects (44 males, 62 females) with Addison's disease to receive either 50 mg daily of micronized DHEA or placebo orally for 12 months to evaluate its longer-term effects on bone mineral density, body composition, and cognitive function together with well-being and fatigue. RESULTS: Circulating DHEAS and androstenedione rose significantly in both sexes, with testosterone increasing to low normal levels only in females. DHEA reversed ongoing loss of bone mineral density at the femoral neck (P < 0.05) but not at other sites; DHEA enhanced total body (P = 0.02) and truncal (P = 0.017) lean mass significantly with no change in fat mass. At baseline, subscales of psychological well-being in questionnaires (Short Form-36, General Health Questionnaire-30), were significantly worse in Addison's patients vs. control populations (P < 0.001), and one subscale of SF-36 improved significantly (P = 0.004) after DHEA treatment. There was no significant benefit of DHEA treatment on fatigue or cognitive or sexual function. Supraphysiological DHEAS levels were achieved in some older females who experienced mild androgenic side effects. CONCLUSION: Although further long-term studies of DHEA therapy, with dosage adjustment, are desirable, our results support some beneficial effects of prolonged DHEA treatment in Addison's disease.
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Claims the paper makes
47 Own result · 21 No full text of the sources · 15 Own method · 8 Own interpretation · 5 Supported so far · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Partly supported · 2 Sources not found · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“As with GHQ status, using the SF-36 questionnaire as a tool to assess a broad range of physical symptomatology as well as psychological morbidity, the Addison's disease subjects had lower scores at baseline, denoting worse health status than a normal U.K. population (36) (Table 6).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Well-being, fatigue, and sexual function
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [36] Jenkinson, 1999, Assessment of the SF-36 version 2 in the United Kingdom., J Epidemiol Community Health source
The Results provide SF-36 normative scores for the UK survey sample, supplying the population comparator cited here. The Methods state that lower scores indicate worse health. The Addison’s disease baseline scores are the citing authors’ own results in Table 6, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The improvement in lean muscle mass mirrors that seen in previous studies with DHEA supplementation in aging or postmenopausal women (7,8).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [7] Morales, 1998, The effect of six months treatment with a 100 mg daily dose of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on circulating sex steroids, body composition and muscle strength in age-advanced men and women., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Body composition, muscle strength and BMR section reports a trend toward increased lean body mass in women taking DHEA (0.7 ± 0.4 kg, P = 0.08), but not a statistically significant improvement; it reports no increase in men. Thus this study offers limited support for the comparison, but does not establish the claimed improvement in lean muscle mass in aging or postmenopausal women. A page number is not available for the indexed passage. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites [8] Diamond, 1996, Metabolic effects of 12-month percutaneous dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women, J Endocrinol
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“second, other studies of DHEA therapy in postmenopausal women (9) or aging (40,47) have also shown selective improvement in BMD at this site.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [9] Labrie, 1997, Effect of 12-month dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy on bone, vagina and endometrium in postmenopausal women., J Clin Endocrinol Metab sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Bone density section (page unavailable) reports a significant BMD increase at the total hip after DHEA treatment, but not at the femoral neck specifically. Ward’s triangle, an area near the femoral neck, increased without reaching statistical significance. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Baulieu, 2000, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and aging: contribution of the DHEAge Study to a sociobiomedical issue., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
- Supportedcites [47] Nair, 2006, DHEA in elderly women and DHEA or testosterone in elderly men., N Engl J Med source
The BMD section reports a significant increase at the femoral neck in elderly men receiving DHEA, with no significant increase at other measured sites. That supports this paper as an example of selective improvement at the cited site. The finding was specific to men; women receiving DHEA instead showed an increase at the ultradistal radius. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At baseline, subscales of psychological well-being in questionnaires (Short Form-36, General Health Questionnaire-30), were significantly worse in Addison's patients vs. control populations (P Ͻ 0.001),”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Supraphysiological DHEAS levels were achieved in some older females who experienced mild androgenic side effects.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one subscale of SF-36 improved significantly (P ϭ 0.004) after DHEA treatment.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In comparison with normative data from a U.K. population (39), subjects with Addison's disease showed a higher total GHQ-30 score, denoting worse mental health status at baseline, particularly on the anxiety and self-esteem subscales (Table 5).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Well-being, fatigue, and sexual function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Huppert, 1989, The factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30): a reliability study on 6317 community residents., Br J Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The low baseline BMD in Addison's subjects progressed, with diminution in bone density at most sites in placebo-treated subjects during the subsequent 12-month period.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The National Adult Reading Test, as a measure of verbal IQ, showed no difference at baseline between the two randomized groups.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Cognitive function
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data analysis was repeated on subjects (27 placebo, 30 DHEA treated) aged 45 yr or older to determine whether there might have been selective effects of DHEA in this subgroup, but again DHEA had no significant effect on cognitive measures (data not shown).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Cognitive function
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Practice effects on the cognitive tests would be equal in both study groups.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant differences between the DHEA and placebo groups for any parameter of cognitive function with no differences at its conclusion between those who received DHEA or placebo (Table 4).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Cognitive function
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Practice effects on the cognitive tests would be equal in both study groups.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the 12 months of the study, there was progressive diminution in BMD at most sites in patients.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Body composition and BMD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, the score for the role emotional dimension of health improved significantly at 12 months (P ϭ 0.004 for DHEA vs. placebo groups).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Well-being, fatigue, and sexual function
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oral replacement with 50 mg micronized DHEA daily restored DHEAS blood levels to within the normal range for young adults.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using a questionnaire that had previously shown effects of DHEA in older normal subjects (40), we observed no significant changes in libido or sexual function in either gender (data not shown).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Well-being, fatigue, and sexual function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Baulieu, 2000, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, and aging: contribution of the DHEAge Study to a sociobiomedical issue., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall there was no effect of DHEA treatment on body mass index (data not shown).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Body composition and BMD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At baseline, mean BMD was generally low in all Addison's disease patients.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Body composition and BMD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After washout, fatigue scores in the DHEA-treated group rose back to levels comparable with placebo-treated patients (data not shown).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Well-being, fatigue, and sexual function
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Measures of cognitive function were not altered by DHEA therapy.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Practice effects on the cognitive tests would be equal in both study groups.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, there was a similar rise in androstenedione during DHEA treatment in both sexes.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Hormonal and biochemical changes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In those receiving 50 mg oral micronized DHEA, serum DHEAS rose markedly within 1 month from grossly subnormal to levels within the physiological range for young adults in both male and female subjects.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Hormonal and biochemical changes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, similar abnormalities in the self-esteem subscale of GHQ-30 occurred in both of our studies [this one and an earlier shorter-term replacement study (20)]”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Hunt, 2000, Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison’s disease in a randomized, double blind trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results show that daily oral administration of DHEA in physiological dosage for 12 months normalizes serum DHEAS levels”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The normal laboratory reference range for DHEAS is appropriate for judging normalization in this study population, despite not being adjusted for age or gender.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we observed no changes in sexual function after DHEA treatment”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The mechanism by which increased lean muscle mass occurs is not known, but it is noteworthy that there was no associated diminution in fat mass as has been reported by other groups after DHEA supplementation (48,49).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Libe, 2004, Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation on hormonal, metabolic and behavioral status in patients with hypoadrenalism., J Endocrinol Invest source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Villareal, 2004, Effect of DHEA on abdominal fat and insulin action in elderly women and men: a randomized controlled trial., JAMA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, DHEA therapy was generally well tolerated”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only significant difference between groups was improvement of the role emotional dimension (RE; P ϭ 0.004) at 12 months after DHEA treatment.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were striking reductions in baseline scores for some subscales of GHQ-30 and dimensions of SF-36, compared with normal subjects drawn from a reference population.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The normative comparison populations are sufficiently comparable to the Addison's disease patients for baseline score comparisons.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During DHEA treatment, scores for the subscales of GHQ-30 and SF-36 improved and worsened more markedly (albeit nonsignificantly) after washout of DHEA.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The observed improvements in GHQ-30 and SF-36 during DHEA treatment and worsening after washout reflect a true drug effect rather than nonspecific fluctuation.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“was examined by subgroup analysis of patients over 45 yr, but this also failed to show any significant DHEA effect (data not shown)”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although some females described androgenic side effects.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beneficial responses to DHEA treatment in lean body mass and femoral BMD were also observed”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to the effects on well-being and fatigue, there were no significant changes in any of the wide range of cognitive functions assessed during DHEA therapy.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beneficial responses to DHEA treatment in lean body mass and femoral BMD were also observed”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Patients with Addison's disease on optimal glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement therapy still report a reduced quality of life when compared with normal individuals (19)”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Baker, 1997, Assessing the potential for finetuning the management of Addison’s disease/steroid replacement therapy 188th Society for Endocrinology (UK) meeting, London, J Endocrinol Abstract Suppl
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our results support some beneficial effects of prolonged DHEA treatment in Addison's disease.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“No changes in body composition, BMD or cognition were demonstrated in any of these short-term studies of DHEA replacement.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Hunt, 2000, Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison’s disease in a randomized, double blind trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not matchedcites [22] Young, 1997, Panhypopituitarism as a model to study the metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Arlt, 1999, Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency., N Engl J Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“score significantly worse than age-and sexmatched population controls on validated psychological tests that measure well-being (20,21).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Hunt, 2000, Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison’s disease in a randomized, double blind trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Lovas, 2002, Subjective health status in Norwegian patients with Addison’s disease., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An equivalent number of individuals in each arm guessed their treatment correctly, discounting the possibility that side effects had unblinded the study subjects.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Adverse events
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this context, reversal of this trend with an observed increase in femoral neck BMD after DHEA therapy is notable.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data analysis are thus based on 49 subjects receiving DHEA and 51 receiving placebo who completed the study (Table 1).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Results
plainn = 49- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In men, higher basal testosterone levels are likely to have obscured the relatively small additional effect of administered DHEA.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“We suggest that such selective improvement in femoral neck BMD may be significant for two reasons: first, there is a correlation between reduced BMD at this site and low circulating DHEAS in several other contexts including hypopituitarism (43), aging and the postmenopausal state (5,44,45), and steroid-induced osteoporosis (46);”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Miller, 2002, Androgens and bone density in women with hypopituitarism., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Sambrook, 1992, Postmenopausal bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis: effect of estrogens and androgens., J Rheumatol
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Osmanagaoglu, 2004, The relationship between serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentration and bone mineral density, lipids, and hormone replacement therapy in premenopausal and postmenopausal women., J Womens Health (Larchmt) source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Tok, 2004, The effect of circulating androgens on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women., Maturitas source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] Hampson, 2002, Low circulating estradiol and adrenal androgens concentrations in men on glucocorticoids: a potential contributory factor in steroid-induced osteoporosis., Metabolism source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“an identical pattern of abnormalities in baseline SF-36 scores were observed in another Addison's population from Norway (21)”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Lovas, 2002, Subjective health status in Norwegian patients with Addison’s disease., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, a large cohort study on aging men failed to show any correlation between cognitive function and decreasing DHEA(S) levels (53).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] Fonda, 2005, Age, hormones, and cognitive functioning among middle-aged and elderly men: cross-sectional evidence from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study., J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“suggesting there may be a disorderspecific profile of psychological deficit in Addison's disease.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Our study also suggests that patients with Addison's disease may have a disorder-specific psychological deficit.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Hunt, 2000, Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison’s disease in a randomized, double blind trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Lovas, 2002, Subjective health status in Norwegian patients with Addison’s disease., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We recognize that these control subjects were not contemporaneous, making such comparison tentative.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a earlier 6-month study of DHEA treatment in hypopituitarism, beneficial effects on well-being were much more evident to partners of patients than study subjects (24).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Johannsson, 2002, Low dose dehydroepiandrosterone affects behavior in hypopituitary androgen-deficient women: a placebo-controlled trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 25
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A 9-month, parallel group trial of DHEA replacement in 39 patients showing no benefit in health status (25) may have been underpowered (26).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [25] Lovas, 2003, Replacement of dehydroepiandrosterone in adrenal failure: no benefit for subjective health status and sexuality in a 9-month, randomized, parallel group clinical trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
The Abstract reports that 39 women with adrenal failure were randomized to nine months of DHEA or placebo and found no evidence of benefit for subjective health status. The Study protocol identifies it as a parallel-group trial. The suggestion that it may have been underpowered is attached to a different citation (26), not this source (25). (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Arlt, 2003, DHEA replacement in adrenal insufficiency, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4001; author reply source
hedgedn = 39- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“positive effects of DHEA replacement have been described on psychological well-being (6), body composition (7,8), and bone mineral density (BMD) (9) in older, normal adults.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Morales, 1994, Effects of replacement dose of dehydroepiandrosterone in men and women of advancing age., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Supportedcites [7] Morales, 1998, The effect of six months treatment with a 100 mg daily dose of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on circulating sex steroids, body composition and muscle strength in age-advanced men and women., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
This source is cited for the body-composition portion of the sentence, not for psychological well-being or bone mineral density. The ‘Body composition, muscle strength and BMR’ section reports that DHEA reduced fat body mass in older men; it did not find the same reduction in women. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites [8] Diamond, 1996, Metabolic effects of 12-month percutaneous dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women, J Endocrinol
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [9] Labrie, 1997, Effect of 12-month dehydroepiandrosterone replacement therapy on bone, vagina and endometrium in postmenopausal women., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
Citation (9) is attached to the bone mineral density claim, not the claims about well-being or body composition. The Discussion reports a significant increase in hip BMD after DHEA treatment, and the Subjects section identifies the participants as healthy postmenopausal women aged 60–70. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire examined symptoms relating to physical and mental health and is a tool that has been validated in population studies (35,36).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Psychological symptoms
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Keller, 1998, Use of structural equation modeling to test the construct validity of the SF-36 Health Survey in ten countries: results from the IQOLA Project. International Quality of Life Assessment., J Clin Epidemiol source
- Supportedcites [36] Jenkinson, 1999, Assessment of the SF-36 version 2 in the United Kingdom., J Epidemiol Community Health source
The Abstract describes a large community survey assessing the SF-36-II’s reliability and construct validity. The Results report evidence of construct validity from differences in scores across population groups. The Discussion limits the study’s findings to working-age adults, rather than older age groups. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Another androgen (testosterone) also improves sexual function in surgically menopausal women (55,56).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [55] Shifren, 2000, Transdermal testosterone treatment in women with impaired sexual function after oophorectomy., N Engl J Med source
The paper’s Conclusions state that transdermal testosterone improved sexual function in women who had undergone oophorectomy and hysterectomy. The Results report improved sexual-activity and pleasure-orgasm scores at the higher dose compared with placebo. The study involved women with impaired sexual function who were receiving estrogen. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Simon, 2005, Testosterone patch increases sexual activity and desire in surgically menopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“which is in keeping with observations in some short- (20,48,54) and longer-term trials (25) but differs from observations in women with primary or secondary adrenal failure (23,24).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Hunt, 2000, Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison’s disease in a randomized, double blind trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Libe, 2004, Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation on hormonal, metabolic and behavioral status in patients with hypoadrenalism., J Endocrinol Invest source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] van Thiel, 2005, Effects of dehydroepiandrostenedione, superimposed on growth hormone substitution, on quality of life and insulin-like growth factor I in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency: a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Supportedcites [25] Lovas, 2003, Replacement of dehydroepiandrosterone in adrenal failure: no benefit for subjective health status and sexuality in a 9-month, randomized, parallel group clinical trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
The Abstract describes a 9-month trial of DHEA replacement in women with adrenal failure and concludes that it found no evidence of benefit for sexuality. The ‘Subjective health status and sexuality’ results report that sexuality scores did not change significantly and that DHEA’s effects did not differ from placebo. This supports the citing sentence’s reference to a longer-term trial finding no change in sexual function; page numbers are not available in the supplied copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Arlt, 1999, Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in women with adrenal insufficiency., N Engl J Med source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Johannsson, 2002, Low dose dehydroepiandrosterone affects behavior in hypopituitary androgen-deficient women: a placebo-controlled trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Circulating DHEAS and androstenedione rose significantly in both sexes, with testosterone increasing to low normal levels only in females.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
plaindirectn = 106- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DHEA enhanced total body (P ϭ 0.02) and truncal (P ϭ 0.017) lean mass significantly with no change in fat mass.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
plaindirectn = 106 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no significant benefit of DHEA treatment on fatigue or cognitive or sexual function.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
plainn = 106- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DHEA reversed ongoing loss of bone mineral density at the femoral neck (P Ͻ 0.05) but not at other sites;”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
plaindirectn = 106 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses by gender showed a differential effect only at the proximal radius, with significant enhancement of BMD after DHEA in men but not women [mean (SEM) BMD (grams per square centimeter) changes: males: after DHEA, 0.0046 (0.0046) and after placebo, Ϫ0.0136 (0.006) P ϭ 0.025; females: after DHEA, Ϫ0.0091 (0.0036) and after placebo, Ϫ0.0062 (0.0037), P ϭ 0.583].”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Body composition and BMD
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with the placebo group, there was a reduction (improvement) in scores for all dimensions in the DHEA group, but the changes only bordered on statistical significance for mental fatigue at the 6-month time point (P ϭ 0.03).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Well-being, fatigue, and sexual function
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Circulating fasting lipid profiles were unchanged as was thyroid function (data not shown),”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Hormonal and biochemical changes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Female subjects receiving DHEA reported increased occurrence of skin spots, greasy skin, and axillary hair growth (Table 7).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Adverse events
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DHEA increased lean mass, both total and truncal, with no effect on fat mass (Table 3).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Body composition and BMD
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis by gender showed that this effect was more marked in females, who showed greater changes in total body lean mass than their male counterparts [mean (SEM) lean mass (grams) changes: females, after DHEA, 869 (211) and after placebo, 183 (269), P ϭ 0.034; males, after DHEA, Ϫ117(247) and after placebo, Ϫ399(258)].”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Body composition and BMD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In those receiving DHEA, there was a marked and significant reversal of this trend in the femoral neck [mean (SEM) BMD (grams per square centimeter) changes: after DHEA, 0.0039 (0.004) vs. after placebo, Ϫ0.0068(0.003)g/cm 2 , P Ͻ 0.046] but not at any other site (Fig. 2).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Body composition and BMD
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using World Health Organization T-score criteria, in the lumbar spine, 39% of males and females were osteopenic and 7% of males and 5% of females osteoporotic; in the femoral neck, 39% of males and females were osteopenic and 2% of females were osteoporotic.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Body composition and BMD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“changes in serum IGF-I in females reached borderline significance (P ϭ 0.01) (Table 2).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Hormonal and biochemical changes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In females taking DHEA, serum total testosterone increased from subnormal to low normal levels (after placebo 0.13 vs. after DHEA 0.41 nmol/liter, P Ͻ 0.001), but there was no associated change in circulating SHBG.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Hormonal and biochemical changes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, they exhibited an identical profile of deficits in particular dimensions of health (role physical, general health, vitality, role emotional) as a Norwegian population of Addison's disease patients studied independently by another group (21) (Table 6).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Well-being, fatigue, and sexual function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Lovas, 2002, Subjective health status in Norwegian patients with Addison’s disease., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The hormone profile of DHEA-treated subjects was similar to that observed in our previous study (20) with significant increases in androstenedione in both sexes and testosterone in women but not in men.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Hunt, 2000, Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison’s disease in a randomized, double blind trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In males there was no significant change in SHBG, total testosterone, or estradiol during DHEA treatment.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Hormonal and biochemical changes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, after treatment washout, scores for both role physical and role emotional dimensions fell more markedly (denoting deterioration of health status) in the DHEA group, but the changes did not achieve statistical significance.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Well-being, fatigue, and sexual function
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We measured sebum production using white adherent tapes (Sebutape; CuDerm Corp., Dallas, TX) applied to forehead skin at each assessment as described previously (41), but there was no difference in Sebutape scores between the placebo and DHEA groups (data not shown), despite the reported subjective symptoms.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Adverse events
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41] Kligman, 1986, Sebutape: a device for visualizing and measuring human sebaceous secretion., J Soc Cosmet Chem
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During DHEA treatment, either total GHQ-30 scores (Fig 3A) or for the self-esteem subscale (Fig 3B) declined (signifying improvement), with a rise in scores after washout, but comparison with the placebo group showed that these changes were not statistically significant (DHEA vs. placebo scores: total GHQ 6 months, P ϭ 0.55, 12 months, P ϭ 0.32, after washout, P ϭ 0.23; self esteem 6 months, P ϭ 0”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Well-being, fatigue, and sexual function
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“DHEA therapy increased both truncal and total body lean mass measured by DEXA.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and does have positive psychological effects.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The observed improvements in GHQ-30 and SF-36 during DHEA treatment and worsening after washout reflect a true drug effect rather than nonspecific fluctuation.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with statistically nonsignificant improvement at 6 and 12 months during DHEA treatment, followed by deterioration of scores after washout.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“serum DHEA(S) levels then follow a progressive age-related decline (1,2).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Orentreich, 1984, Age changes and sex differences in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations throughout adulthood., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Orentreich, 1992, Long-term longitudinal measurements of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in normal men., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Young et al. (22) validated the efficacy of oral DHEA treatment in restoring physiological circulating levels of DHEA(S) in 10 adults with panhypopituitarism and showed some biotransformation of DHEA into sex steroids.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [22] Young, 1997, Panhypopituitarism as a model to study the metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in humans., J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Johannsson et al. (24) demonstrated behavioral changes, reported by their partners, in 38 panhypopituitary females after 6 months of DHEA(S) replacement.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Johannsson, 2002, Low dose dehydroepiandrosterone affects behavior in hypopituitary androgen-deficient women: a placebo-controlled trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A large body of epidemiological data from crosssectional correlational studies has documented an association between the decline in DHEAS levels and various age-related disorders, including increased risk of cardiovascular events (3), malignancy (4), and osteoporosis (5).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Barrett-Connor, 1986, A prospective study of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, mortality and cardiovascular disease., N Engl J Med source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Ebeling, 1994, Physiological importance of dehydroepiandrosterone., Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Sambrook, 1992, Postmenopausal bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis: effect of estrogens and androgens., J Rheumatol
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment allocation details were coded and kept confidential until the trial was completed.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Our previous placebo-controlled 3-month crossover trial of 39 patients (including 15 males) with primary adrenal insufficiency showed similar biochemical changes and enhanced psychological well-being, independent of gender (20).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Hunt, 2000, Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison’s disease in a randomized, double blind trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirectn = 39- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The randomization was stratified by age (18 -34, 35-49, 50 -65 yr) and gender and undertaken by an independent statistician.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes are in accordance with DHEA being a sex steroid precursor.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Five and 1% levels of signifi- cance were used for primary and secondary end points, respectively.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Although DHEA is converted to estradiol, the magnitude of this effect is insufficient to cornify the vaginal epithelium in rats (a sensitive assay) (42), and by analogy, we suggest that our observed lack of change in circulating estradiol levels in men receiving DHEA is not unexpected.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Sourla, 1998, Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on vaginal and uterine histomorphology in the rat., J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Twenty-three subjects had taken part in our previous, short-term trial of DHEA (20) but were distributed comparably across DHEA (n ϭ 9) and placebo (n ϭ 14) groups.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Study design
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Hunt, 2000, Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison’s disease in a randomized, double blind trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We report novel effects of DHEA on body composition (lean mass), femoral neck BMD, and particular psychological parameters (fatigue and self-esteem).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The intra-and interassay coefficients of variation were less than 10% throughout.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Biochemical parameters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One month after discontinuing treatment, DHEAS levels fell back to baseline low levels, confirming satisfactory washout of the active study treatment (Fig. 1).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Hormonal and biochemical changes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Because circulating DHEA levels decline with age (1, 2) and all subjects received the same dose of DHEA, there was a tendency for DHEAS levels to be above age-matched controls in those aged 50 yr or older.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Orentreich, 1984, Age changes and sex differences in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations throughout adulthood., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Orentreich, 1992, Long-term longitudinal measurements of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in normal men., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These levels were maintained throughout the 12-month period, signifying compliance with treatment.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Hormonal and biochemical changes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This 12-month study of DHEA replacement in patients with Addison's disease both supports the improved well-being documented in our previous short-term study and adds new information on longer-term effects of DHEA.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Hunt, 2000, Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison’s disease in a randomized, double blind trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the other primary end points (body composition and cognitive function), values at 12 months in placebo vs. DHEA-treated groups were compared, adjusting for values at baseline.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The precision of BMD measurements was less than 1 or 1% in lumbar spine and hip, respectively.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Morphological measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We aimed to recruit at least 100 patients to have 95% power to detect a 2.5% change in hip BMD and 80% power to detect a 1% change in spine BMD.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Statistical analysis
plainn = 100- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One hundred patients were required to power the study to detect changes in BMD, and we aimed to recruit at least this number of subjects who fulfilled the entry criteria, within a 3-month time interval.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, our data represent the most comprehensive evaluation of the effects of DHEA on cognition in Addison's disease.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because both the GHQ-30 and SF-36 tests have been validated and used on large populations of normal individuals”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This trial describes the longest duration of DHEA replacement therapy in a comparatively large number of patients with Addison's disease”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Despite earlier reports suggesting changes in IGF-I with DHEA replacement, both our earlier short-term trial (20) and the present study showed no statistically significant change in circulating IGF-I levels, in agreement with another recent replacement study (50), arguing against a primary role of this hormone in mediating increases in lean muscle mass.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Hunt, 2000, Improvement in mood and fatigue after dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in Addison’s disease in a randomized, double blind trial., J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Christiansen, 2004, Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation in women with adrenal failure: impact on twenty-four hour GH secretion and IGF-related parameters., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the improvement in BMD is modest, compared with conventional therapies, this change may become sig-nificant if compounded, as would be the case with long-term DHEA treatment of patients.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This agrees with previous studies of DHEA supplementation in subjects with normal adrenal function (51,52).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] van Niekerk, 2001, Salivary cortisol and DHEA: association with measures of cognition and well-being in normal older men, and effects of three months of DHEA supplementation., Psychoneuroendocrinology source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Huppert, 2000, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation for cognition and well-being, Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000304 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Practice effects on the cognitive tests would be equal in both study groups.
“Analysis assumes that practice effects would be equal in both study groups.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The normative comparison populations are sufficiently comparable to the Addison's disease patients for baseline score comparisons.
“We recognize that these control subjects were not contemporaneous, making such comparison tentative.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The normal laboratory reference range for DHEAS is appropriate for judging normalization in this study population, despite not being adjusted for age or gender.
“The bold horizontal lines denote the normal laboratory reference range for DHEAS (not adjusted for age or gender).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The observed improvements in GHQ-30 and SF-36 during DHEA treatment and worsening after washout reflect a true drug effect rather than nonspecific fluctuation.
“During DHEA treatment, scores for the subscales of GHQ-30 and SF-36 improved and worsened more markedly (albeit nonsignificantly) after washout of DHEA.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > References
“53. Fonda SJ, Bertrand R, O'Donnell A, Longcope C, McKinlay JB 2005 Age, hormones, and cognitive functioning among middle-aged and elderly men: cross-sectional evidence from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study.”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > References
“53. van Thiel SW, Romijn JA, Pereira AM, Biermasz NR, Roelfsema F, van Hemert A, Ballieux B, Smit JW 2005 Effects of dehydroepiandrostenedione, superim- posed on growth hormone substitution, on quality of life and insulin-like growth factor I in patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency:”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > Discussion
“b SF-36 normative data from U.K. control population (34).”
§ Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial > References
“34. Nelson HE 1982 National Adult Reading Test (NART): test manual. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: NFER-Nelson”
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
Cited work 10.1002/14651858.cd000304 · retracted 2006-04-19 · notice 10.1002/14651858.cd000304.pub2 · this paper published 2008-02-01
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
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Morales, A. J., Nolan, J. J., Nelson, J. C., & Yen, S. S. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.78.6.7515387 · Cited by 841
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Arlt, W., Callies, F., van Vlijmen, J. C., Koehler, I., Reincke, M., Bidlingmaier, M., Huebler, D., Oettel, M., Ernst, M., Schulte, H. M., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199909303411401 · Cited by 644
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Assessment of the SF-36 version 2 in the United Kingdom.
Jenkinson, C., Stewart-Brown, S., Petersen, S., & Paice, C. (1999) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.53.1.46 · Cited by 565
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Sorted by citations
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Erichsen, M. M., Løvås, K., Skinningsrud, B., Wolff, A. B., Undlien, D. E., Svartberg, J., Fougner, K. J., Berg, T. J., Bollerslev, J., Mella, B., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1368 · Cited by 422
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Extensive expertise in endocrinology: adrenal crisis
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gurnell, E. M., Hunt, P. J., Curran, S. E., Conway, C. L., Pullenayegum, E. M., Huppert, F. A., Compston, J. E., Herbert, J., & Chatterjee, V. K. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Christchurch Hospital (NZ)
- Departments of Medicine (E.M.G., S.E.C., J.E.C., V.K.K.C.), University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2008-02-01
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 400-409
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC2729149
- OpenAlex
- W1976527790
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 11.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- National Osteoporosis Society
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal Regulation and Hypertension
- Keywords
- DHEA replacement therapy, Addison's disease, DHEA sulfate, bone mineral density, lean body mass, body composition, psychological well-being, fatigue, cognitive function, androgen production, androstenedione, testosterone, glucocorticoid deficiency, mineralocorticoid deficiency
- MeSH terms
- Addison Disease, Adult, Aged, Body Composition, Cognition, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bone Density, Statistics, Nonparametric, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, Hormone Replacement Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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