Consensus statement on the diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up of patients with primary adrenal insufficiency
Open accessAbstract
Primary adrenal insufficiency ( PAI ), or Addison's disease, is a rare, potentially deadly, but treatable disease. Most cases of PAI are caused by autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. Consequently, patients with PAI are at higher risk of developing other autoimmune diseases. The diagnosis of PAI is often delayed by many months, and most patients present with symptoms of acute adrenal insufficiency. Because PAI is rare, even medical specialists in this therapeutic area rarely manage more than a few patients. Currently, the procedures for diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up of this rare disease vary greatly within Europe. The common autoimmune form of PAI is characterized by the presence of 21‐hydroxylase autoantibodies; other causes should be sought if no autoantibodies are detected. Acute adrenal crisis is a life‐threatening condition that requires immediate treatment. Standard replacement therapy consists of multiple daily doses of hydrocortisone or cortisone acetate combined with fludrocortisone. Annual follow‐up by an endocrinologist is recommended with the focus on optimization of replacement therapy and detection of new autoimmune diseases. Patient education to enable self‐adjustment of dosages of replacement therapy and crisis prevention is particularly important in this disease. The authors of this document have collaborated within an EU project (Euadrenal) to study the pathogenesis, describe the natural course and improve the treatment for Addison's disease. Based on a synthesis of this research, the available literature, and the views and experiences of the consortium's investigators and key experts, we now attempt to provide a European Expert Consensus Statement for diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
If these diagnoses are excluded, a CT scan of the adrenals may reveal evidence of adrenal infiltrative processes or metastases.
“If these diagnoses are excluded, a CT scan of the adrenals may reveal evidence of adrenal infiltrative processes or metastases.”
From Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2016) · cites this paper as [181]
The Aetiologic diagnosis section (page unavailable) recommends adrenal CT for patients without 21OH antibodies and says it can demonstrate tumours or calcifications typical of tuberculosis. This supports the use of CT to investigate nonautoimmune causes, but the copy does not specifically say it reveals infiltrative processes or metastases. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe most common causes of primary adrenal insufficiency are autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex in adults and congenital adrenal hyperplasia in children.
“The most common causes of PAI are autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex in adults and CAH in children.”
From Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2016) · cites this paper as [181]
The Introduction calls autoimmunity the predominant cause of PAI in Europe, and Aetiologic diagnosis says it accounts for about 85% of Western European diagnoses after congenital adrenal hyperplasia is excluded. The paper does not say that congenital adrenal hyperplasia is the most common cause in children; it says only that children without 21OH antibodies often have genetic causes. The adult claim is therefore supported in a narrower geographic context, but the childhood ranking is not. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese etiologies can be screened for using 21-hydroxylase antibodies and a baseline serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone level.
“These etiologies can be screened for using 21-hydroxylase antibodies and a baseline serum 17hydroxyprogesterone level.”
From Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2016) · cites this paper as [181]
The Aetiologic diagnosis section recommends a 21-hydroxylase antibody assay as the first test to establish the cause of primary adrenal insufficiency. It does not recommend or describe a baseline serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone level for this purpose; searches for that test found no supporting passage. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA daily glucocorticoid dose equivalent to prednisolone ≥ 5 mg for longer than 1 month represents an adrenal suppressive dose in a proportion of adults.
“A daily glucocorticoid dose equivalent to prednisolone ≥ 5 mg, for longer than 1 month represents an adrenal suppressive dosein a proportion of adults [3, 4].”
From Guidelines for the management of glucocorticoids during the peri‐operative period for patients with adrenal insufficiency (2020) · cites this paper as [3]
The Glucocorticoid replacement table lists 4–5 mg of prednisolone daily as a replacement dose for patients with primary adrenal insufficiency. It does not say that taking the equivalent of at least 5 mg for longer than one month suppresses adrenal function in a proportion of adults; the duration and suppressive-risk claim are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTherapeutic patient education is recommended by two international consensus statements on the management of PAI.
“Therapeutic patient education is recommended by two international consensus statements on the management of PAI.18,64”
From Adrenal crisis: prevention and management in adult patients (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
The standard dose (250 μg) ACTH test represents the gold standard dynamic test for PAI, while the insulin tolerance test is the gold standard if SAI is suspected.
“the standard dose (250 μg) corticotropin (1–24 ACTH) test (SDCT) represents the gold standard dynamic test for PAI, while the insulin tolerance test (ITT) is the gold standard if SAI is suspected [1–5].”
Morning serum cortisol concentrations alone are insufficient to rule out or confirm AI.
“Although morning serum cortisol concentrations are helpful to determine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, the evidence in the literature is as yet insufficient to support the use of basal cortisol concentrations alone in order to either rule out or confirm AI [1–5].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Ahonen, P., Myllärniemi, S., Sipilä, I., & Perheentupa, J. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199006283222601 · Cited by 1,068 · see citing works
Corticosteroid insufficiency in acutely ill patients
Cooper, M. S., & Stewart, P. M. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra020529 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Betterle, C., Dal Pra, C., Mantero, F., & Zanchetta, R. (2002) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.23.3.0466 · Cited by 758 · see citing works
Self-citationAutoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes
Eisenbarth, G. S., & Gottlieb, P. A. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra030158 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Dehydroepiandrosterone Replacement in Women with Adrenal Insufficiency
Arlt, W., Callies, F., van Vlijmen, J. C., Koehler, I., Reincke, M., Bidlingmaier, M., Huebler, D., Oettel, M., Ernst, M., Schulte, H. M., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199909303411401 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Self-citationAutoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy
Perheentupa, J. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2611 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Daily cortisol production rate in man determined by stable isotope dilution/mass spectrometry
ESTEBAN, N. V., LOUGHLIN, T., YERGEY, A. L., ZAWADZKI, J. K., BOOTH, J. D., WINTERER, J. C., & LORIAUX, D. L. (1991) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-72-1-39 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes
Neufeld, M., Maclaren, N. K., & Blizzard, R. M. (1980) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0090-4481-19800401-07 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Anti-Interferon Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Syndrome Type 1
Meager, A., Visvalingam, K., Peterson, P., Möll, K., Murumägi, A., Krohn, K., Eskelin, P., Perheentupa, J., Husebye, E., Kadota, Y., et al. (2006) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030289 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-citationErichsen, M. M., Løvås, K., Skinningsrud, B., Wolff, A. B., Undlien, D. E., Svartberg, J., Fougner, K. J., Berg, T. J., Bollerslev, J., Mella, B., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1368 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Self-citation21-hydroxylase, a major autoantigen in idiopathic Addison's disease
Winqvist, O., Karlsson, F. A., & Kämpe, O. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91829-w · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical manifestations and management of patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I
Husebye, E. S., Perheentupa, J., Rautemaa‐Richardson, R., & Kämpe, O. (2009) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02090.x · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Self-citationSöderbergh, A., Myhre, A. G., Ekwall, O., Gebre‐Medhin, G., Hedstrand, H., Landgren, E., Miettinen, A., Eskelin, P. M., Halonen, M., Tuomilehto, J., et al. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030279 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationWinqvist, O., Gustafsson, J., Rorsman, F., Karlsson, F. A., & Kämpe, O. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci116843 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Gurnell, E. M., Hunt, P. J., Curran, S. E., Conway, C. L., Pullenayegum, E. M., Huppert, F. A., Compston, J. E., Herbert, J., & Chatterjee, V. K. K. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1134 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Reato, G., Morlin, L., Chen, S., Furmaniak, J., Smith, B. R., Masiero, S., Albergoni, M. P., Cervato, S., Zanchetta, R., & Betterle, C. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0414 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationAutoimmune Addison disease: pathophysiology and genetic complexity
Mitchell, A. L., & Pearce, S. H. S. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.245 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationFalorni, A., Laureti, S., Bellis, A. D., Zanchetta, R., Tiberti, C., Arnaldi, G., Bini, V., Beck‐Peccoz, P., Bizzarro, A., Dotta, F., et al. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030954 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationOftedal, B. E., Wolff, A. S. B., Bratland, E., Kämpe, O., Perheentupa, J., Myhre, A. G., Meager, A., Purushothaman, R., Ten, S., & Husebye, E. S. (2008) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2008.07.002 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationLebbe, M., & Arlt, W. (2013) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12097 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk of hip fracture in Addison’s disease: a population-based cohort study
Björnsdottir, S., Sääf, M., Bensing, S., Kämpe, O., Michaëlsson, K., & Ludvigsson, J. F. (2011) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02352.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationBjörnsdottir, S., Sundström, A., Ludvigsson, J. F., Blomqvist, P., Kämpe, O., & Bensing, S. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3561 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationAdrenal autoantibodies and organ‐specific autoimmunity in patients with Addison's disease
Söderbergh, A., Winqvist, O., Norheim, I., Rorsman, F., Husebye, E. S., Dolva, Ø., Karlsson, F. A., & Kämpe, O. (1996) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.8040813.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency in Patients with Celiac Disease
Elfström, P., Montgomery, S., Kämpe, O., Ekbom, A., & Ludvigsson, J. F. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-0960 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationHangaard, J., Andersen, M., Grodum, E., Koldkjær, O. G., & Hagen, C. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.7.8675567 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Ekman, B., Bachrach‐Lindström, M., Lindström, T., Wahlberg, J., Blomgren, J., & Arnqvist, H. J. (2012) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04352.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
High Frequency of Coeliac Disease among Patients with Autoimmune Adrenocortical Failure
Myhre, A. G., Aarsetøy, H., Undlien, D. E., Hovdenak, N., Aksnes, L., & Husebye, E. S. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365520310002544 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationGrapefruit juice and licorice increase cortisol availability in patients with Addison's disease
Methlie, P., Husebye, E. E. S., Hustad, S., Lien, E. A., & Løvås, K. (2011) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-11-0518 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationMHC2TA Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and Genetic Risk for Autoimmune Adrenal Insufficiency
Ghaderi, M., Gambelunghe, G., Tortoioli, C., Brozzetti, A., Jatta, K., Gharizadeh, B., Bellis, A. D., Giraldi, F. P., Terzolo, M., Betterle, C., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0855 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationScreening for associated autoimmune disorders in Polish patients with Addison’s disease
Fichna, M., Fichna, P., Gryczyńska, M., Walkowiak, J., Żurawek, M., & Sowiński, J. (2010) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-010-9312-x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ahlgren, K. M., Moretti, S., Ardesjö-Lundgren, B., Karlsson, I., Åhlin, E., Norling, A., Hallgren, Å., Perheentupa, J., Gustafsson, J., Rorsman, F., et al. (2010) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200939883 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical evolution of Kearns-Sayre syndrome with polyendocrinopathy and respiratory failure
Sanaker, P. S., Husebye, E. S., Fondenes, O., & Bindoff, L. A. (2007) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00850.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationBarbetta, L., Dall’Asta, C., Re, T., Libè, R., Costa, E., & Ambrosi, B. (2005) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03347262 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Skinningsrud, B., Husebye, E. S., Gilfillan, G. D., Frengen, E., Erichsen, A., Gervin, K., Ormerod, E., Egeland, T., & Undlien, D. E. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0923 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [10]10. Neufeld M, Maclaren N, Blizzard R. Autoimmune polyglandu- lar syndromes. Pediatr Ann 1980; 9: 154-62.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bornstein, S. R., Allolio, B., Arlt, W., Barthel, A., Don-Wauchope, A., Hammer, G. D., Husebye, E. S., Merke, D. P., Murad, M. H., Stratakis, C. A., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1710 · Cited by 1,769 · see citing works
“2014;275:104–115 (181), with permission.”
Self-citationCongenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management
Claahsen - van der Grinten, H. L., Speiser, P. W., Ahmed, S. F., Arlt, W., Auchus, R. J., Falhammar, H., Flück, C. E., Guasti, L., Huebner, A., Kortmann, B. B. M., et al. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab016 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Functional and Clinical Significance of the 24-Hour Rhythm of Circulating Glucocorticoids
Oster, H., Challet, E., Ott, V., Arvat, E., de Kloet, E. R., Dijk, D.-J., Lightman, S., Vgontzas, A., & Van Cauter, E. (2017) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2015-1080 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Diagnosis and management of adrenal insufficiency
Bancos, I., Hahner, S., Tomlinson, J., & Arlt, W. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70142-1 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Self-citationBriet, C., Salenave, S., Bonneville, J., Laws, E. R., & Chanson, P. (2015) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2015-1042 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Hahner, S., Spinnler, C., Fassnacht, M., Burger-Stritt, S., Lang, K., Milovanovic, D., Beuschlein, F., Willenberg, H. S., Quinkler, M., & Allolio, B. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3191 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Self-citationHusebye, E. S., Pearce, S. H., Krone, N. P., & Kämpe, O. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00136-7 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Self-citationAldosterone-stimulating somatic gene mutations are common in normal adrenal glands
Nishimoto, K., Tomlins, S. A., Kuick, R. D., Cani, A. K., Giordano, T. J., Hovelson, D. H., Liu, C., Sanjanwala, A. R., Edwards, M. A., Gómez-Sánchez, C. E., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1505529112 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Extensive expertise in endocrinology: adrenal crisis
Allolio, B. (2015) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0824 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationHahner, S., Ross, R. J., Arlt, W., Bancos, I., Burger-Stritt, S., Torpy, D. J., Husebye, E. S., & Quinkler, M. (2021) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-021-00252-7 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationAdrenal Crisis: Still a Deadly Event in the 21st Century
Puar, T. H. K., Stikkelbroeck, N. M. M. L., Smans, L. C. C. J., ZELISSEN, P. M. J., & Hermus, A. R. (2015) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.08.021 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Javorsky, B. R., Raff, H., Carroll, T. B., Algeciras-Schimnich, A., Singh, R. J., Colón-Franco, J. M., & Findling, J. W. (2021) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab022 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Woodcock, T., Barker, P., Daniel, S., Fletcher, S., Wass, J. A. H., Tomlinson, J. W., Misra, U., Dattani, M., Arlt, W., & Vercueil, A. (2020) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.14963 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“A daily glucocorticoid dose equivalent to prednisolone ≥ 5 mg, for longer than 1 month represents an adrenal suppressive dose in a proportion of adults [3, 4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationA review of rhythm and responsiveness of cortisol in individuals with autism spectrum disorders
Taylor, J. L., & Corbett, B. A. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.015 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Nicolaides, N. C., Charmandari, E., Kino, T., & Chrousos, G. P. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00070 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of Addison’s disease in adults
Betterle, C., Presotto, F., & Furmaniak, J. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-019-01079-6 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationAdrenal crisis: prevention and management in adult patients
Dineen, R., Thompson, C. J., & Sherlock, M. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018819848218 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Adrenal insufficiency – recognition and management
Pazderska, A., & Pearce, S. H. S. (2017) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.17-3-258 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationAdrenal Clocks and the Role of Adrenal Hormones in the Regulation of Circadian Physiology
Leliavski, A., Dumbell, R., Ott, V., & Oster, H. (2014) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730414553971 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Isidori, A. M., Minnetti, M., Sbardella, E., Graziadio, C., & Grossman, A. B. (2015) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-15-0308 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
ENDOCRINOLOGY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: Management of adrenal insufficiency
Arlt, W., Baldeweg, S. E., Pearce, S. H. S., & Simpson, H. L. (2020) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-20-0361 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationArlt, W., & _, _. (2016) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-16-0054 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationAdrenal insufficiency: Physiology, clinical presentation and diagnostic challenges
Martin‐Grace, J., Dineen, R., Sherlock, M., & Thompson, C. J. (2020) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.029 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Giordano, R., Guaraldi, F., Marinazzo, E., Fumarola, F., Rampino, A., Berardelli, R., Karamouzis, I., Lucchiari, M., Manetta, T., Mengozzi, G., et al. (2015) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0681-z · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Mazziotti, G., Formenti, A. M., Frara, S., Roca, E., Mortini, P., Berruti, A., & Giustina, A. (2017) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-17-0154 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Dalin, F., Eriksson, G. N., Dahlqvist, P. M., Hallgren, Å., Wahlberg, J., Ekwall, O., Söderberg, S., Rönnelid, J., Olcén, P., Winqvist, O., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2522 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationGuidance for the prevention and emergency management of adult patients with adrenal insufficiency
Simpson, H., Tomlinson, J., Wass, J. A. H., Dean, J. D., & Arlt, W. (2020) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmed.2019-0324 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationMonticone, S., Satoh, F., Dietz, A., Goupil, R., Lang, K., Pizzolo, F., Gordon, R. D., Morimoto, R., Reincke, M., Stowasser, M., et al. (2015) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06305 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Eriksson, D., Røyrvik, E. C., Aranda‐Guillén, M., Berger, A. H., Landegren, N., Artaza, H., Hallgren, Å., Grytaas, M. A., Ström, S., Bratland, E., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21015-8 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationFlück, C. E. (2017) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-17-0128 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Reduction in daily hydrocortisone dose improves bone health in primary adrenal insufficiency
Schulz, J., Frey, K. R., Cooper, M. S., Zopf, K., Ventz, M., Diederich, S., & Quinkler, M. O. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-15-1096 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The short cosyntropin test revisited: new normal reference range using LC-MS/MS
Ueland, G. Å., Methlie, P., Øksnes, M., Thordarson, H. B., Sagen, J., Kellmann, R., Mellgren, G., Ræder, M., Dahlqvist, P., Dahl, S. R., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-02602 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationWhole-Exome Sequencing in the Differential Diagnosis of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency in Children
Chan, L. F., Campbell, D. C., Novoselova, T. V., Clark, A., & Metherell, L. (2015) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00113 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Outcome of adrenal sparing surgery in heritable pheochromocytoma
Castinetti, F., Taïeb, D., Henry, J. F., Walz, M. K., Guérin, C., Brue, T. C., Conte‐Devolx, B., Neumann, H. P. H., & Sebag, F. A. (2015) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-15-0549 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Bilateral adrenalectomy in the 21st century: when to use it for hypercortisolism?
Guérin, C., Taïeb, D., Treglia, G., Brue, T. C., Lacroix, A., Sebag, F. A., & Castinetti, F. (2016) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-15-0541 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Hanson, J., Tengvall, K., Bonnett, B. N., & Hedhammar, Å. A. (2015) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.13815 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Bensing, S., Hulting, A., Husebye, E. S., Kämpe, O., & Løvås, K. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-15-1242 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationRedefining the stress cortisol response to surgery
Khoo, B. C. E., Boshier, P. R., Freethy, A., Tharakan, G., Saeed, S., Hill, N. E., Williams, E. L., Moorthy, K., Tolley, N., Jiao, L. R., et al. (2017) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13439 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Rushworth, R. L., & Torpy, D. J. (2014) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-14-79 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Kline, G., Buse, J., & Krause, R. (2017) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.02.008 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Borresen, S. W., Klose, M., Baslund, B., Rasmussen, Å. K., Hilsted, L. M., Friis-Hansen, L. J., Locht, H., Hansen, A., Hetland, M. L., Lydolph, M. C., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-17-0251 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: Managing Mineralocorticoid Replacement Therapy
Espósito, D., Pasquali, D., & Johannsson, G. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01928 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Quinkler, M. O., Ekman, B., Marelli, C., Uddin, S., ZELISSEN, P. M. J., Murray, R. D., & _, _. (2016) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-16-0081 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Clues for early detection of autoimmune Addison's disease – myths and realities
Sævik, Å. B., Åkerman, A., Grønning, K., Nermoen, I., Valland, S. F., Finnes, T. E., Isaksson, M., Dahlqvist, P. M., Bergthorsdottir, R., Ekwall, O., et al. (2017) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12699 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationNovel insights into glucocorticoid replacement therapy for pediatric and adult adrenal insufficiency
Oprea, A., Bonnet, N., Pollé, O. G., & Lysy, P. A. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/2042018818821294 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Adrenal hemorrhage and hemorrhagic masses; diagnostic workup and imaging findings
Badawy, M., Gaballah, A. H., Ganeshan, D., Abdelalziz, A., Remer, E. M., Alsabbagh, M., Westphalen, A. C., Siddiqui, M. A., Taffel, M. T., Itani, M., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1259/bjr.20210753 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Saverino, S., & Falorni, A. (2020) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2020.101379 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationPofi, R., Prete, A., Thornton-Jones, V., Bryce, J., Ali, S. R., Faisal Ahmed, S., Balsamo, A., Baronio, F., Cannuccia, A., Guven, A., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz055 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationMineralocorticoid substitution and monitoring in primary adrenal insufficiency
Quinkler, M. O., Oelkers, W., Remde, H., & Allolio, B. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2014.08.008 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, N., Wu, Y., Nanba, K., Sbiera, S., Kircher, S., Kunzke, T., Aichler, M., Berezowska, S., Reibetanz, J., Rainey, W. E., et al. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2018-00064 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Endocrine Dysfunction in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Burtman, E., & Regelmann, M. O. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2016.01.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
What we have to know about corticosteroids use during Sars-Cov-2 infection
Ferraù, F., Ceccato, F., Cannavò, S., & Scaroni, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01384-5 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Central adrenal insufficiency: open issues regarding diagnosis and glucocorticoid treatment
Ceccato, F., & Scaroni, C. M. (2018) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2018-0824 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dawoodji, A., Chen, J., Shepherd, D., Dalin, F., Tarlton, A., Alimohammadi, M., Penna-Martinez, M., Meyer, G., Mitchell, A. L., Gan, E. H., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1400056 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationGrassi, G., Morelli, V., Ceriotti, F., Polledri, E., Fustinoni, S., D’Agostino, S., Mantovani, G., Chiodini, I., & Arosio, M. (2020) · Hormones · doi:10.1007/s42000-020-00185-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ragnarsson, O., Mattsson, A. F., Monson, J. P., Filipsson Nyström, H., Åkerblad, A.-C., Kołtowska-Häggström, M., & Johannsson, G. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0397 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Etiology of primary adrenal insufficiency in children: a 29-year single-center experience
Wijaya, M., Huamei, M., Jun, Z., Du, M., Li, Y., Chen, Q., Chen, H., & Song, G. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2018-0445 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Dean, B., Chrisp, G. L., Quartararo, M., Maguire, A. M., Hameed, S., King, B. R., Munns, C. F., Torpy, D. J., Falhammar, H., & Rushworth, R. L. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz255 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Timelines in the management of adrenal crisis – targets, limits and reality
Hahner, S., Hemmelmann, N., Quinkler, M., Beuschlein, F., Spinnler, C., & Allolio, B. (2015) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12609 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationA European Emergency Card for adrenal insufficiency can save lives
Quinkler, M., Dahlqvist, P., Husebye, E. S., & Kämpe, O. (2015) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2014.11.006 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationSkov, J., Sundström, A., Ludvigsson, J. F., Kämpe, O., & Bensing, S. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-02298 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationOn behalf of the Italian Society of Endocrinology, Isidori, A. M., Arnaldi, G., Boscaro, M., Falorni, A., Giordano, C. S. D. S., Giordano, R., Pivonello, R., Pozza, C., Sbardella, E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-019-01146-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationExtended exome sequencing identifies BACH2 as a novel major risk locus for Addison's disease
Eriksson, D., Bianchi, M., Landegren, N., Nordin, J., Dalin, F., Mathioudaki, A., Eriksson, G., Hultin‐Rosenberg, L., Dahlqvist, J., Zetterqvist, H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12569 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationKluger, N., Matikainen, N., Sintonen, H., Ranki, A., Roine, R. P., & Schalin‐Jäntti, C. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12484 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Novel Insight into Etiology, Diagnosis and Management of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Malíková, J., & Flück, C. E. (2014) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000363107 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The morning and late‐night salivary cortisol ranges for healthy women may be used in pregnancy
Ambroziak, U., Kondracka, A., Bartoszewicz, Z., Krasnodębska‐Kiljańska, M., & Bednarczuk, T. (2015) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12853 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Approach to the Patient With Glucocorticoid-induced Adrenal Insufficiency
Borresen, S. W., Klose, M., Glintborg, D., Watt, T., Andersen, M., & Feldt‐Rasmussen, U. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac151 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Endocrine Emergencies With Neurologic Manifestations
Ishii, M. (2017) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000467 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A retrospective study of dogs with atypical hypoadrenocorticism: a diagnostic cut‐off or continuum?
Wakayama, J. A., Furrow, E., Merkel, L. K., & Armstrong, P. (2017) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/jsap.12649 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Camozzi, V., Betterle, C., Frigo, A. C., Zaccariotto, V., Zaninotto, M., Caneva, E. D., Lucato, P., Gomiero, W., Garelli, S., Sabbadin, C., et al. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1380-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationThe natural history of 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies in autoimmune Addison’s disease
Wolff, A. S. B., Breivik, L., Hufthammer, K. O., Grytaas, M. A., Bratland, E., Husebye, E. S., & Oftedal, B. E. (2021) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-20-1268 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationPrednisolone is associated with a worse bone mineral density in primary adrenal insufficiency
Frey, K. R., Kienitz, T., Schulz, J., Ventz, M., Zopf, K., & Quinkler, M. O. (2018) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-18-0160 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency in adults
Martin‐Grace, J., Tomkins, M., O’Reilly, M., & Sherlock, M. (2024) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-023-00929-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Iwasaku, M., Shinzawa, M., Tanaka, S., Kimachi, K., & Kawakami, K. (2017) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-017-0208-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Martella, S., Lucas, M. W., Porcu, M., Perra, L., Denaro, N., Pretta, A., Deias, G., Willard-Gallo, K. E., Parra, H. J. S., Saba, L., et al. (2023) · Seminars in Oncology · doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2023.11.003 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Optimal glucocorticoid replacement in adrenal insufficiency
Øksnes, M., Ross, R. J. M., & Løvås, K. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2014.09.009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationDual-release hydrocortisone treatment: glycometabolic profile and health-related quality of life
Mongioì, L. M., Condorelli, R. A., Vignera, S. L., & Calogero, A. E. (2017) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-17-0368 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Skov, J., Höijer, J., Magnusson, P. K. E., Ludvigsson, J. F., Kämpe, O., & Bensing, S. (2017) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1441-z · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationZha, L., Li, J., Krishnan, S. M., Brennan, M. R., Zhang, Y. V., Povse, P., Kerlin, R., Shively, K., Oleksik, F., Williams, J., et al. (2022) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.04.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Schneiderman, M., Czuzoj‐Shulman, N., Spence, A., & Abenhaim, H. (2016) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14448 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Addison’s disease: identification and management in primary care
Burton, C., Cottrell, E., & Edwards, J. (2015) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp15x686713 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Longitudinal AddiQoL scores may identify higher risk for adrenal crises in Addison’s disease
Meyer, G., Koch, M., Herrmann, E., Bojunga, J., & Badenhoop, K. (2018) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-017-1513-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationLatent Adrenal Insufficiency: Concept, Clues to Detection, and Diagnosis
Yamamoto, T. (2018) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep-2018-0114 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Li, Q., Chen, H., Li, Z., Zhang, F., & Chen, L. (2021) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2021.116299 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Falorni, A., Bini, V., Betterle, C., Brozzetti, A., Castaño, L. A., Fichna, M., Kämpe, O., Mellgren, G., Peterson, P., Chen, S., et al. (2015) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2014-1106 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationNoppe, G., van Rossum, E. F. C., Vliegenthart, J., Koper, J. W., & van den Akker, E. L. T. (2014) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12551 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Staufenbiel, S. M., Andela, C. D., Manenschijn, L., Pereira, A. M., van Rossum, E. F. C., & Biermasz, N. R. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-4328 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Improved salivary cortisol rhythm with dual-release hydrocortisone
Ceccato, F., Selmin, E., Sabbadin, C., Costa, M. D., Antonelli, G., Plebani, M., Barbot, M., Betterle, C., Boscaro, M., & Scaroni, C. M. (2018) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-18-0257 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationCeccato, F., Voltan, G., Sabbadin, C., Camozzi, V., Boschin, I. M., Mian, C., Zanotto, V., Donato, D., Bordignon, G., Capizzi, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-020-01476-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Brozzetti, A., Alimohammadi, M., Morelli, S., Minarelli, V., Hallgren, Å., Giordano, R., Bellis, A. D., Perniola, R., Kämpe, O., Falorni, A., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3571 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationResidual Corticosteroid Production in Autoimmune Addison Disease
Sævik, Å. B., Åkerman, A., Methlie, P., Quinkler, M. O., Jørgensen, A. P., Höybye, C., Dębowska, A., Nedrebø, B. G., Dahle, A. L., Carlsen, S., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa256 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationEriksson, D., Bianchi, M., Landegren, N., Dalin, F., Skov, J., Hultin‐Rosenberg, L., Mathioudaki, A., Nordin, J., Hallgren, Å., Andersson, G., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26842-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationCircadian Clocks and the Interaction between Stress Axis and Adipose Function
Kolbe, I., Dumbell, R., & Oster, H. (2015) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2015/693204 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Perniola, R., Fierabracci, A., & Falorni, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.606860 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationShepherd, L. M., Tahrani, A. A., Inman, C., Arlt, W., & Carrick‐Sen, D. (2017) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-017-0196-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationGroup 5: Acute adrenal insufficiency in adults and pediatric patients
Cortet, C., Barat, P., Zénaty, D., Guignat, L., & Chanson, P. (2017) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2017.10.008 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Tsai, M., Huang, C., Wang, C., Cheng, H., Wu, S., Chang, W., & Chen, W. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.019837 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Clinical Unmet Needs in the Treatment of Adrenal Crisis: Importance of the Patient’s Perspective
Claessen, K. M. J. A., Andela, C. D., Biermasz, N. R., & Pereira, A. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.701365 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The genetics of autoimmune Addison disease: past, present and future
Røyrvik, E. C., & Husebye, E. S. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00653-y · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationFalorni, A., Minarelli, V., Eads, C. M., Joachim, C. M., Persani, L., Rossetti, R., Beim, P. Y., Pellegrini, V., Schnatz, P. F., Rafique, S., et al. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Husebye, E. S., Allolio, B., Arlt, W., Badenhoop, K., Bensing, S., Betterle, C., Falorni, A., Gan, E. H., Hulting, A. ‐., Kasperlik‐Zaluska, A., Kämpe, O., Løvås, K., Meyer, G., & Pearce, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg (DE)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Perugia (IT)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Department of Endocrinology Medical Center of Postgraduate Education Warsaw Poland
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Husebye, E. S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-12-16
- Volume
- 275
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 104-115
- ISSN
- 0954-6820 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2796
- OpenAlex
- W2123534035
- Semantic Scholar
- 2601afd1dd34510db2d279e5db17be74242fad23
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 27.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- FP7 (201167)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal Regulation and Hypertension
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- Addison's disease, autoimmune adrenal insufficiency, 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies, adrenal crisis, hydrocortisone replacement, fludrocortisone, autoimmune disease comorbidity, diagnosis, follow-up, patient education
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Addison Disease, Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Insufficiency, Algorithms, Autoantibodies, Chronic Disease, Cortisone, Diagnosis, Differential, Drug Administration Schedule, Drug Interactions, Emergency Treatment, Europe, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Prednisolone, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Steroid 21-Hydroxylase, Autoimmunity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
