Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Expression in the Human Thyroid Gland
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetic therapy induces medullary thyroid neoplasia in rodents. We sought to establish whether C cells in human medullary thyroid carcinoma, C cell hyperplasia, and normal human thyroid express the GLP-1 receptor. METHODS: Thyroid tissue samples with medullary thyroid carcinoma (n = 12), C cell hyperplasia (n = 9), papillary thyroid carcinoma (n = 17), and normal human thyroid (n = 15) were evaluated by immunofluorescence for expression of calcitonin and GLP-1 receptors. RESULTS: Coincident immunoreactivity for calcitonin and GLP-1 receptor was consistently observed in both medullary thyroid carcinoma and C cell hyperplasia. GLP-1 receptor immunoreactivity was also detected in 18% of papillary thyroid carcinoma (three of 17 cases). Within normal human thyroid tissue, GLP-1 receptor immunoreactivity was found in five of 15 of the examined cases in about 35% of the total C cells assessed. CONCLUSIONS: In humans, neoplastic and hyperplastic lesions of thyroid C cells express the GLP-1 receptor. GLP-1 receptor expression is detected in 18% papillary thyroid carcinomas and in C cells in 33% of control thyroid lobes. The consequence of long-term pharmacologically increased GLP-1 signaling on these GLP-1 receptor-expressing cells in the thyroid gland in humans remains unknown, but appropriately powered prospective studies to exclude an increase in medullary or papillary carcinomas of the thyroid are warranted.
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Studies have shown interspecies differences regarding the density of GLP-1 receptors and responses to GLP-1 RA activation in the thyroid, limiting the predictive value of nonhuman preclinical studies on humans.
“The association between GLP-1 RAs and MTC in humans has not been proven, and studies have shown interspecies differences regarding the density of GLP-1 receptors and responses to GLP-1 RA activation in the thyroid, limiting the predictive value of nonhuman preclinical studies on humans.23,24,46”
From Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Thyroid Cancer: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
The Discussion (page not provided) reports greater thyroid C-cell density in rodents than in humans and a calcitonin response to liraglutide in rats but not nonhuman primates. It does not establish a difference in GLP-1 receptor density specifically, and it suggests rather than demonstrates that these differences limit the predictive value of animal studies for humans. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe association between GLP-1 RAs and MTC in humans has not been proven.
“The association between GLP-1 RAs and MTC in humans has not been proven, and studies have shown interspecies differences regarding the density of GLP-1 receptors and responses to GLP-1 RA activation in the thyroid, limiting the predictive value of nonhuman preclinical studies on humans.23,24,46”
From Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Thyroid Cancer: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
In primate and human thyroids, GLP-1R has either not been detected or only found in small fractions of healthy C cells, and treatment with liraglutide does not stimulate calcitonin secretion.
“In contrast, in primate and human thyroids, GLP-1R has either not been detected (74) or only found in small fractions of healthy C cells (75), and treatment with liraglutide does not stimulate calcitonin secretion (76).”
From The science of safety: adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists as glucose-lowering and obesity medications (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
Most human medullary thyroid carcinomas and hyperplastic C cells express GLP-1R.
“most human medullary thyroid carcinomas and hyperplastic C cells express GLP-1R (75, 77) (Figure 2).”
From The science of safety: adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists as glucose-lowering and obesity medications (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
Initial studies found expression of the GLP-1 receptor in healthy human thyroid tissue, as well as in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and C-cell hyperplasia.
“Initial studies found expression of the GLP-1 receptor in healthy human thyroid tissue, as well as in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and C-cell hyperplasia (79, 80).”
From Safety of Semaglutide (2021) · cites this paper as [79]
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- Authors
- Gier, B., Butler, P. C., Lai, C. K., Kirakossian, D., DeNicola, M. M., & Yeh, M. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Yeh, Michael W.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 121-131
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC3412261
- OpenAlex
- W2151567146
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 11.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Larry L. Hillblom Foundation
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK077967)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- GLP-1 receptor, medullary thyroid carcinoma, C-cell hyperplasia, papillary thyroid carcinoma, C cells, calcitonin, thyroid cancer risk
- MeSH terms
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Thyroid Cancer, Papillary, Adult, Aged, Animals, Carcinoma, Carcinoma, Papillary, Chlorocebus aethiops, Cricetulus, Female, Cricetinae, Humans, Hyperplasia, Male, Middle Aged, Thyroid Gland, Thyroid Neoplasms, Tissue Distribution, Gene Expression, CHO Cells, Receptors, Glucagon, Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine, COS Cells, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Validation Studies as Topic, Young Adult
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