Further delineation of hypothalamic dysfunction responsible for menopausal hot flashes
Abstract
An association exists between pulsatile LH release and hot flashes (HFs). To further delineate the hypothalamic mechanism(s) responsible for HF, the basal levels and pulsatile release of LH, FSH, estradiol, and estrone and the rate of occurrence of HFs (measured objectively) were evaluated in patients with a defect of GnRH secretion [isolated gonadotropin deficiency (IGD)], patients with abnormalities of afferent input to GnRH neurons [hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA)], and postmenopausal women with severe HFs. Patients with IGD had received estrogens, which were discontinued before study. Patients with HA had experienced regular menses before disease onset, which followed emotional stress or weight loss. Studies were limited to HA patients with estrogen levels in the postmenopausal range. Pulsatile LH release was absent in patients with IGD and was absent or greatly reduced in women with HA. Objectively measured and subjectively experienced HFs occurred in IGD but not in HA patients. These results suggest that HFs are not an obligatory consequence of low endogenous estrogen levels and that the absence of episodic LH and GnRH release (IGD) does not influence the occurrence of HFs. It is possible that the dysfunction of afferent input to GnRH neurons in HA somehow prevents HFs in these women with low endogenous estrogen secretion.
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GnRH does not cause flushes, as estrogen withdrawal produces hot flushes in women who lack hypothalamic GnRH neurons due to Kallman's syndrome.
“Similarly, GnRH does not cause the flushes, as estrogen withdrawal produces hot flushes in women who lack hypothalamic GnRH neurons due to Kallman’s syndrome (Gambone et al., 1984; Schwanzel-Fukuda et al., 1989).”
From Modulation of body temperature and LH secretion by hypothalamic KNDy (kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin) neurons: A novel hypothesis on the mechanism of hot flushes (2013) · cites this paper as Gambone et al., 1984
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- Authors
- GAMBONE, J., MELDRUM, D. R., LAUFER, L., CHANG, R. J., LU, J. K. H., & JUDD, H. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1984-12
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1097-1102
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W1981435872
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- menopausal hot flashes, hypothalamic dysfunction, pulsatile LH secretion, GnRH secretion, hypothalamic amenorrhea, estradiol, estrone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estrogen withdrawal, postmenopausal women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Amenorrhea, Climacteric, Estradiol, Estrone, Female, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Gonadotropins, Humans, Hypothalamus, Luteinizing Hormone, Middle Aged, Skin Temperature
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