Hot Flashes: Epidemiology and Physiology a
Abstract
A review of the literature illustrates the many questions about hot flashes that remain unanswered. My survey addresses some of these questions. The prospective and retrospective descriptions of hot flashes provide a more detailed profile of the hot flash than has previously been available. Further, data from this survey demonstrate that while the patterns of hot flashes may be varied, there are commonalities in hot flash physiology and subjective manifestation. The data indicate that hot flashes may start much earlier and continue far longer than is commonly recognized by physicians or acknowledged in textbooks of gynecology. Studies of hot flash duration must control for age or age at hot flash onset, since the older the subjects, the more potential years of hot flashes and the greater the probability of encompassing the entire period of hot flashes. Hot flashes are not static; patterns may change with time. For some women, hot flashes become less frequent and less intense; for others, hot flashes may continue at hourly intervals well into old age. How common these experiences are for women of all ages still needs to be discovered. As expounded by Kaufert, McKinlay, Goodman, and many others, a greater effort must be made to standardize definitions and question formats as well as to improve methodology in epidemiologic investigations to facilitate comparability between studies and insure that proffered conclusions indeed reflect the questions being asked. Physiological studies are critical counterparts to the epidemiology; yet such studies have been too few. My work, by examining the physiology and psychophysiology of hot flashes, has raised additional questions about central and peripheral inputs that may affect the subjective experience of hot flashes. A more complete understanding of the thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and psychophysiology of women with hot flashes are compared to women without will facilitate the prediction of who is most likely to be affected and the identification of additional approaches to the management of hot flashes.
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Several meta-analyses and a Cochrane review indicate that additional clinical trials are needed to guide clinical practice decisions around the use of non-hormonal therapies for vasomotor symptoms.
“Several meta-analyses and a Cochrane review indicate that additional clinical trials are needed to guide clinical practice decisions around the use of non-hormonal therapies for vasomotor symptoms (i.e., hot flashes, night sweats).1–4”
From Clinical hypnosis in the treatment of postmenopausal hot flashes (2013) · cites this paper as [4]
These pilot results are comparable or superior to results of open label studies with paroxetine and venlafaxine.
“These results are comparable or superior to results of open label studies with paroxetine and venlafaxine. 22,4,23–25”
From Clinical hypnosis in the treatment of postmenopausal hot flashes (2013) · cites this paper as [4]
Most postmenopausal women eventually acclimate to the low estrogen level and the flushes disappear.
“Eventually, most (but not all) postmenopausal women will acclimate to the low estrogen level, and the flushes will disappear (Kronenberg, 1990).”
From Modulation of body temperature and LH secretion by hypothalamic KNDy (kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin) neurons: A novel hypothesis on the mechanism of hot flushes (2013) · cites this paper as Kronenberg, 1990
After a hot flush is triggered, the core temperature drops, as expected with activation of heat dissipation effectors.
“After a hot flush is triggered, the core temperature drops (Fig. 3) (Freedman, 2001; Kronenberg, 1990; Molnar, 1975), as expected with the activation of heat dissipation effectors.”
From Modulation of body temperature and LH secretion by hypothalamic KNDy (kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin) neurons: A novel hypothesis on the mechanism of hot flushes (2013) · cites this paper as Kronenberg, 1990
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Tulandi, T., Murphy, B. E. P., & Lal, S. (1985) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/0378-5122(85)90060-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Practice Bulletin No. 183: postpartum hemorrhage
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- Authors
- KRONENBERG, F.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- KRONENBERG, FREDI
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1990-06
- Volume
- 592
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 52-86
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2106887831
- Cited by
- 601
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 0.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (5 M01 RR-00645, M01RR000645)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Keywords
- hot flashes, menopause, psychophysiology, thermoregulation, cardiovascular response
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Temperature Regulation, Chronobiology Phenomena, Endocrine Glands, Female, Flushing, Hormones, Humans, Menopause, Middle Aged, Terminology as Topic, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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