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Plasma oxytocin increases in the human sexual response
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether plasma oxytocin (OT) levels change during human sexual responses and, if so, to demonstrate the temporal pattern of change. Plasma OT levels were measured by RIA before, during, and after private self-stimulation to orgasm in normal men (n = 9) and women (n = 13). Blood samples were collected continuously through indwelling venous catheters. The subjects pressed a signal to indicate the start and finish of orgasm/ejaculation. Objective assessment of sexual arousal and orgasm was obtained by measuring blood-pulse amplitude and electromyographic activity, recorded continuously throughout testing from an anal device containing a photoplethysmograph and electromyograph electrodes connected to a polygraph located in an adjacent room. These measures allowed collection of data from men and women of changes in blood flow and muscle activity in the lower pelvic/pubic area. Plasma OT levels increased during sexual arousal in both women and men and were significantly higher during orgasm/ejaculation than during prior baseline testing. We suggest that the temporal pattern of secretion could be related to smooth muscle contractions of the reproductive system during orgasm.
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“OT plasma levels have also been reported to increase in both men and women during sexual arousal, peaking during orgasm [136].”
From The Neurobiology of Love and Pair Bonding from Human and Animal Perspectives (2023) · cites this paper as [136]
In the citing paper
“Carmichael et al. (1987) found that plasma OT increased around the time of orgasm in men and women, remaining raised for at least 5 min after orgasm.”
From The endocrinology of sexual arousal (2005) · cites this paper as Carmichael et al. (1987)
In the citing paper
“OT is released in humans during hugging, touching, massage, nipple stimulation, and orgasm (Carmichael et al 1987; Christensson et al 1989; Turner et al 1999; Light et al 2000; Light et al 2005), and promotes increased eye gaze, trust, and attention to emotional cues (Kosfeld et al 2005; Domes et al 2007; Guastella et al 2008; Andari et al 2010).”
From The behavioral, anatomical and pharmacological parallels between social attachment, love and addiction (2012) · cites this paper as Carmichael et al 1987
In the citing paper
“In independent studies in rodents and sheep, contexts or behaviors shown to have central oxytocin involvement also show positive increases in plasma oxytocin levels (rodents: Ogawa et al., 1980; Carmichael et al., 1987; Stock and Uvnäs-Moberg, 1988; Juszczak and Stempniak, 1997; Neumann et al., 2000; sheep: Keverne et al., 1983; Kendrick et al., 1986).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Carmichael et al., 1987
In the citing paper
“Oxytocin is released during sexual arousal and orgasm (Blaicher et al., 1999, Burri et al., 2008, Carmichael et al., 1987, but see Kruger et al., 2003, Murphy et al., 1987).”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Carmichael et al., 1987
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BackgroundEjaculate Collection Influences the Salivary Oxytocin Concentrations in Breeding Male Pigs
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“82,83 Further, Oxt modulates memory functions, 84,85 and olfactory sensory perception.”
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“AVP and OT are also released in humans during sexual intercourse (Carmichael et al., 1987; Murphy et al., 1987) and recent genetic studies suggest that neural systems involving these peptides are important for pair-bonding behavior in humans as well (Walum et al., 2008, 2012).”
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“In men it was found that plasma OXT increases during self-stimulation with a maximum level during orgasm and ejaculation (Carmichael et al., 1987; Kruger et al., 2003; Murphy et al., 1987; Ogawa et al., 1980).”
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Reframing oxytocin as a behavioral flexibility hormone
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Systemic effects of oxytocin on male sexual activity via the spinal ejaculation generator in rats
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“While many people consider oxytocin to be a female reproductive hormone (oxytocin is derived from the Greek terms meaning “quick birth”) and it is often referred as the “love hormone”, it is reported that, in men, the plasma oxytocin level importantly increases after ejaculation [19,20].”
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“In women, plasma oxytocin levels signiWcantly increased following sexual stimulation and orgasm [ 10 ].”
BackgroundDalmazzo, A., Losano, J. D. D. A., Angrimani, D. D. S. R., Pereira, I. V. A., Goissis, M. D., Francischini, M. C. P., Lopes, E., Minazaki, C. K., Blank, M. H., Cogliati, B., et al. (2019) · Reproduction Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd18452 · Cited by 7
The Physiological Basis of Problematic Sexual Interests and Behaviors
Beier, K. M., Krüger, T. H. C., Schiffer, B., Pauls, A., & Amelung, T. R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04696-5_6 · Cited by 7
Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of erection
Steers, W. D. (1994) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/bf02547895 · Cited by 7
“Following ejaculation, oxytocin levels in the CSF are quite high ( 36 ).”
BackgroundArgiolas, A., Melis, M. R., Mauri, A., & Gessa, G. L. (1989) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00439455 · Cited by 7
“The above findings correlate well with previous findings showing that 1) circulating levels of oxytocin are increased immediately after ejaculation in rabbits (Stoneham et al. 1985) and in the human sexual response ( Carmichael et al. 1987 ), 2) ICV oxytocin has been found to increase lordosis behavior in female rats…”
Johnson, M. R., ANDREWS, M. A., Seckl, J. R., & Lightman, S. L. (1990) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00468.x · Cited by 7
McMahon, C. G. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-84882-034-0_29 · Cited by 7
Lactation Headache — A New Form of Headache?
Askmark, H., & Lundberg, P. O. (1989) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1046/j.1468-2982.1989.0902119.x · Cited by 7
“During sexual intercourse oxytocin is also secreted (16, 17).”
BackgroundOxytocin facilitates human touch-induced play behavior in rats
Hayashi, H., Tateishi, S., Inutsuka, A., Maejima, S., Hagiwara, D., Sakuma, Y., Onaka, T., Grinevich, V., & Sakamoto, H. (2025) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.05.034 · Cited by 6
Teira, B. G. (2010) · Cited by 6
Acupuncture for erectile dysfunction: Insights and future research directions
Simões, K., & Rodrigues, J. M. (2023) · Revista Internacional de Acupuntura · doi:10.1016/j.acu.2023.100269 · Cited by 6
Żak, K., Starek, E., Korga-Plewko, A., Rasoul-Pelińska, K., Abramiuk, M., Michalczuk, M., Rajtak, A., Kotarski, J., Frankowska, K., Bis, L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13082230 · Cited by 6
New Concepts in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Premature Ejaculation
Keel, C. E., Dorsey, P., Acker, W., & Hellstrom, W. J. G. (2010) · Current Urology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11934-010-0144-2 · Cited by 6
“Coupled with clinical trial observations that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) delay ejaculation, PE now is considered to exhibit a strong neurobiological basis [ 8 ].”
BackgroundDenes, A. (2020) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2020.1807373 · Cited by 6
“Oxytocin has been positively associated with attachment, social connection, and relationship quality (e.g., Apter-Levi et al., 2014; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2014; see Carter et al., 2008, for a review), as well as sexual outcomes, such as orgasm (e.g., Blaicher et al., 1999; Carmichael et al., 1987).”
BackgroundStadler, B., Nowell, C. J., Whittaker, M. R., Arnhold, S., Pilatz, A., Wagenlehner, F. R. A., Exintaris, B., & Middendorff, R. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202100435r · Cited by 6
The supraspinal network in the control of erection
Temel, Y., Hafizi, S., Beuls, E. A. M., & Visser-Vandewalle, V. E. R. M. (2005) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets · doi:10.1517/14728222.9.5.941 · Cited by 6
“Interestingly, in humans, sexual stimulation is correlated with increased plasma oxytocin levels [134,135].”
BackgroundDickenson, J. A., Alley, J. C., & Diamond, L. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01737 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- CARMICHAEL, M. S., HUMBERT, R., DIXEN, J., PALMISANO, G., GREENLEAF, W., & DAVIDSON, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 1987-01
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 27-31
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2035261481
- Cited by
- 554
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 11.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- School of Medicine, Stanford University
- Claude Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine
- National Institute on Aging (AG 01435)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (5F32HD-01/02)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- plasma oxytocin, human sexual response, sexual arousal, orgasm, ejaculation, self-stimulation, smooth muscle contraction, reproductive system, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ejaculation, Electromyography, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle Contraction, Muscle, Smooth, Orgasm, Oxytocin, Pelvis, Pulse, Radioimmunoassay, Regional Blood Flow
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