Oxytocin induces maternal behavior in virgin female rats
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular administration of oxytocin to virgin female rats that had been ovariectomized and primed with estrogen 48 hours previously induced a rapid onset of full maternal behavior. The maternal behavior persisted and its incidence was dose-related. Tocinoic acid, the ring structure of oxytocin, also rapidly induced the onset of persistent, full maternal behavior. Arginine vasopressin induced persistent maternal behavior, but this behavior had a later onset. Prostaglandin F2 alpha induced strong partial maternal behavior, which showed early onset but did not persist. Many other peptides, ovarian steroids, and prostaglandin E2 were no more effective than saline. These findings suggest that the release of oxytocin and prostaglandin F2 alpha during labor may promote maternal behavior in rats.
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Oxytocin injection into the lateral cerebral ventricles of nulliparous/virgin rats rapidly induced maternal behaviors.
“Pedersen et al. (1982) showed that oxytocin injection into the lateral cerebral ventricles of nulliparous/virgin rats rapidly induced maternal behaviors.”
From Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior (2021) · cites this paper as Pedersen et al. 1982
In rats, 1-2 ng of oxytocin given intracerebroventricularly facilitates suckling-induced bursting, while maternal behavior requires about 400 ng; partner preference in voles requires 10-100 ng/h, and maternal behavior in sheep requires 5 μg intracerebroventricularly.
“In lactating rats, suckling evokes bursts of action potentials in oxytocin cells that result in pulsatile oxytocin secretion, and this bursting is facilitated by 1-2ng oxytocin i.c.v.(26).Effects on maternal behavior in the rat need much higher doses (~400ng) (4).Partner preference effects in voles require infusions of oxytocin at 10-100ng/h (5), and, to stimulate maternal behavior in sheep, it”
From Intranasal Oxytocin: Myths and Delusions (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
The OT system undergoes dramatic changes during pregnancy and lactation to facilitate maternal behaviors.
“the OT system undergoes dramatic changes during pregnancy and lactation to facilitate maternal behaviors (Jirikowski, Caldwell, Pilgrim, Stumpf, & Pendersen, 1989; Meddle, Bishop, Gkoumassi, van Leeuwen, & Douglas, 2007; Pedersen, Ascher, Monroe, & Prange, 1982; Theodosis, Montagnese, Rodriguez, Vincent, & Poulain, 1986)”
From Quantitative mapping reveals age and sex differences in vasopressin, but not oxytocin, immunoreactivity in the rat social behavior neural network (2017) · cites this paper as Pedersen et al., 1982
The seminal paper demonstrating the effect of oxytocin on maternal behavior also showed that vasopressin stimulates maternal behavior, but with a longer latency of action.
“However, the seminal paper demonstrating the effect of OXT on maternal behavior also showed that AVP stimulates maternal behavior, but with a longer latency of action (132).”
From Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior: From Neural Circuits to Clinical Opportunities (2022) · cites this paper as [132]
Maternal behavior can be elicited through administration of oxytocin in virgin rats.
“Maternal behavior can be elicited through administration of oxytocin in virgin rats (Pedersen et al., 1982);”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Pedersen et al., 1982
In rodents, virgin rats' behavior towards pups can switch from aggressive or apathetic to affiliative through oxytocin administration.
“For instance, in rodents, virgin rats’ behavior towards pups can switch from aggressive or apathetic to affiliative through oxytocin administration (Pedersen et al., 1982).”
From Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine (2014) · cites this paper as Pedersen et al., 1982
The oxytocin system is important in mammalian social behaviors including social memory, recognition and attachment.
“The importance of the oxytocin system in mammalian social behaviors including social memory, recognition and attachment has been established using a variety of animal models since 1980s.”
In highly social animals, ancestral functions of OT have been co-opted to serve social functions, such as promoting maternal behavior, pair-bonding, affiliative behaviors, in-group bias, reducing social vigilance, and amplifying other-regarding behaviors.
“In highly social animals, these ancestral functions of OT have been co-opted to serve social functions, such as promoting maternal behavior (Champagne et al., 2001; Pedersen et al., 1982), fostering pair-bonding and affiliative behaviors (Cushing and Carter, 2000; Smith et al., 2010; Snowdon et al., 2010; Young and Wang, 2004), encouraging in-group bias (Dreu et al., 2010), reducing social vigil”
From Oxytocin and social cognition in rhesus macaques: Implications for understanding and treating human psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as Pedersen et al., 1982
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- Authors
- Pedersen, C. A., Ascher, J. A., Monroe, Y. L., & Prange, A. J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- ORCID
- Pedersen, Cort A.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 1982-05-07
- Volume
- 216
- Issue
- 4546
- Pages
- 648-650
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2027523671
- Cited by
- 770
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 27.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- oxytocin, maternal behavior, virgin female rats, intracerebroventricular administration, estrogen priming, ovariectomy, vasopressin, prostaglandin F2alpha, prostaglandin E2, ovarian steroids, labor, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arginine Vasopressin, Brain, Female, Injections, Intraventricular, Maternal Behavior, Oxytocin, Structure-Activity Relationship, Rats
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