The DOI matches its Crossref record; 130 of the 131 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Minireview: Glucocorticoids in Autoimmunity: Unexpected Targets and Mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
For decades, natural and synthetic glucocorticoids (GC) have been among the most commonly prescribed classes of immunomodulatory drugs. Their unsurpassed immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory activity along with cost-effectiveness makes these compounds a treatment of choice for the majority of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, despite serious side effects that frequently accompany GC therapy. The activated GC receptor (GR) that conveys the signaling information of these steroid ligands to the transcriptional machinery engages a number of pathways to ultimately suppress autoimmune responses. Of those, GR-mediated apoptosis of numerous cell types of hematopoietic origin and suppression of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression have been described as the primary mechanisms responsible for the antiinflammatory actions of GC. However, along with the ever-increasing appreciation of the complex functions of the immune system in health and disease, we are beginning to recognize new facets of GR actions in immune cells. Here, we give a brief overview of the extensive literature on the antiinflammatory activities of GC and discuss in greater detail the unexpected pathways, factors, and mechanisms that have recently begun to emerge as novel targets for GC-mediated immunosuppression.
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“In addition to their genomic actions, liganded GRs also impact on gene transcription through various non-genomic mechanisms. These mechanisms do not require de novo protein synthesis and thus underlie the more rapid actions of GCs.”
From The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [93]
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“Prominent examples include mRNA destabilization, competition for co-activators [e.g., CREB-binding protein (CBP), p300, and GRIP], and interference with the binding of transcription factors to DNA (91–94).”
From The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [93]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Flammer, J. R., & Rogatsky, I.
- Affiliations
- Hospital for Special Surgery (US)
- ORCID
- Rogatsky, Inez
- Venue
- Molecular Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2011-07-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1075-1086
- ISSN
- 0888-8809 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9917
- PMC
- PMC5417249
- OpenAlex
- W2021846928
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Molecular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- glucocorticoids, glucocorticoid receptor, autoimmunity, immunosuppression, anti-inflammatory mechanism, apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines, hematopoietic cells, novel therapeutic targets, glucocorticoid adverse effects
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Glucocorticoids, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer, Humans, Interferon Type I, Lymphocyte Activation, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Signal Transduction, Autoimmunity, STAT Transcription Factors
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