Cited by 140Estrogen and related hormone effectsAdrenal Hormones and DisordersStress Responses and Cortisol

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Minireview: Glucocorticoids in Autoimmunity: Unexpected Targets and Mechanisms

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Flammer, Jamie R., Rogatsky, Inez·2011·Molecular Endocrinology

DOI 10.1210/me.2011-0068PMC PMC5417249

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Abstract

For decades, natural and synthetic glucocorticoids (GC) have been among the most commonly prescribed classes of immunomodulatory drugs. Their unsurpassed immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory activity along with cost-effectiveness makes these compounds a treatment of choice for the majority of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, despite serious side effects that frequently accompany GC therapy. The activated GC receptor (GR) that conveys the signaling information of these steroid ligands to the transcriptional machinery engages a number of pathways to ultimately suppress autoimmune responses. Of those, GR-mediated apoptosis of numerous cell types of hematopoietic origin and suppression of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression have been described as the primary mechanisms responsible for the antiinflammatory actions of GC. However, along with the ever-increasing appreciation of the complex functions of the immune system in health and disease, we are beginning to recognize new facets of GR actions in immune cells. Here, we give a brief overview of the extensive literature on the antiinflammatory activities of GC and discuss in greater detail the unexpected pathways, factors, and mechanisms that have recently begun to emerge as novel targets for GC-mediated immunosuppression.

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Authors: Flammer, J. R., & Rogatsky, I.
Affiliations: Hospital for Special Surgery (US)
ORCID: Rogatsky, Inez
Venue: Molecular Endocrinology
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 2011-07-01
Volume: 25
Issue: 7
Pages: 1075-1086
ISSN: 0888-8809 (ISSN-L)
1944-9917
DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-0068
PMC: PMC5417249
OpenAlex: W2021846928
Cited by: 140
References: 131
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 1.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Molecular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: glucocorticoids, glucocorticoid receptor, autoimmunity, immunosuppression, anti-inflammatory mechanism, apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines, hematopoietic cells, novel therapeutic targets, glucocorticoid adverse effects
MeSH terms: Animals, Glucocorticoids, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer, Humans, Interferon Type I, Lymphocyte Activation, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Signal Transduction, Autoimmunity, STAT Transcription Factors

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Minireview: Glucocorticoids in Autoimmunity: Unexpected Targets and Mechanisms

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