The DOI matches its Crossref record; 130 of the 131 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Minireview: Glucocorticoids in Autoimmunity: Unexpected Targets and Mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
For decades, natural and synthetic glucocorticoids (GC) have been among the most commonly prescribed classes of immunomodulatory drugs. Their unsurpassed immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory activity along with cost-effectiveness makes these compounds a treatment of choice for the majority of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, despite serious side effects that frequently accompany GC therapy. The activated GC receptor (GR) that conveys the signaling information of these steroid ligands to the transcriptional machinery engages a number of pathways to ultimately suppress autoimmune responses. Of those, GR-mediated apoptosis of numerous cell types of hematopoietic origin and suppression of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression have been described as the primary mechanisms responsible for the antiinflammatory actions of GC. However, along with the ever-increasing appreciation of the complex functions of the immune system in health and disease, we are beginning to recognize new facets of GR actions in immune cells. Here, we give a brief overview of the extensive literature on the antiinflammatory activities of GC and discuss in greater detail the unexpected pathways, factors, and mechanisms that have recently begun to emerge as novel targets for GC-mediated immunosuppression.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition to their genomic actions, liganded GRs also impact on gene transcription through various non-genomic mechanisms. These mechanisms do not require de novo protein synthesis and thus underlie the more rapid actions of GCs.”
From The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [93]
In the citing paper
“Prominent examples include mRNA destabilization, competition for co-activators [e.g., CREB-binding protein (CBP), p300, and GRIP], and interference with the binding of transcription factors to DNA (91–94).”
From The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [93]
Citations
Cites
Harrington, L. E., Hatton, R. D., Mangan, P. R., Turner, H., Murphy, T. L., Murphy, K. M., & Weaver, C. T. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1254 · Cited by 4,742
A distinct lineage of CD4 T cells regulates tissue inflammation by producing interleukin 17
Park, H., Li, Z., Yang, X. O., Chang, S. H., Nurieva, R., Wang, Y.-H., Wang, Y., Hood, L., Zhu, Z., Tian, Q., et al. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1261 · Cited by 4,265
IL-23 drives a pathogenic T cell population that induces autoimmune inflammation
Langrish, C. L., Chen, Y., Blumenschein, W. M., Mattson, J., Basham, B., Sedgwick, J. D., McClanahan, T., Kastelein, R. A., & Cua, D. J. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20041257 · Cited by 4,099
Development of T H 1 CD4 + T Cells Through IL-12 Produced by Listeria -Induced Macrophages
Hsieh, C.-S., Macatonia, S. E., Tripp, C. S., Wolf, S. F., O'Garra, A., & Murphy, K. M. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8097338 · Cited by 3,134
Auphan, N., DiDonato, J. A., Rosette, C., Helmberg, A., & Karin, M. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.270.5234.286 · Cited by 2,390
Baechler, E. C., Batliwalla, F., Karypis, G., Gaffney, P. M., Ortmann, W. A., Espe, K. J., Shark, K. B., Grande, W. J., Hughes, K. M. H., Kapur, V., et al. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0337679100 · Cited by 2,246
Zhou, L., Ivanov, I. I., Spolski, R. J., Min, R., Shenderov, K., Egawa, T., Levy, D. E., Leonard, W. J., & Littman, D. R. (2007) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1488 · Cited by 2,210
Kamei, Y., Xu, L., Heinzel, T., Torchia, J., Kurokawa, R., Gloss, B., Lin, S.-C., Heyman, R. A., Rose, D. W., Glass, C. K., et al. (1996) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81118-6 · Cited by 2,150
Interferon and Granulopoiesis Signatures in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Blood
Bennett, L. B., Palucka, K., Arce, E., Cantrell, V., Borvák, J., Banchereau, J., & Pascual, V. (2003) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20021553 · Cited by 1,990
Interleukin-22, a TH17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis
Zheng, Y., Danilenko, D. M., Valdez, P. A., Kasman, I. M., Eastham‐Anderson, J., Wu, J., & Ouyang, W. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05505 · Cited by 1,888
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 131 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Human autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive update
Wang, L., Wang, F., & Gershwin, M. E. (2015) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12395 · Cited by 1,274
Ramesh, R., Kozhaya, L., McKevitt, K., Djuretic, I. M., Carlson, T. J., Quintero, M. A., McCauley, J. L., Abreu, M. T., Unutmaz, D., & Sundrud, M. S. (2014) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20130301 · Cited by 447
The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain
Bellavance, M.-A., & Rivest, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00136 · Cited by 419
New targets for mucosal healing and therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases
Neurath, M. F. (2013) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2013.73 · Cited by 316
Cortisol and depression: three questions for psychiatry
Herbert, J. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000955 · Cited by 301
Metadata
- Authors
- Flammer, J. R., & Rogatsky, I.
- Affiliations
- Hospital for Special Surgery (US)
- ORCID
- Rogatsky, Inez
- Venue
- Molecular Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2011-07-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1075-1086
- ISSN
- 0888-8809 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9917
- PMC
- PMC5417249
- OpenAlex
- W2021846928
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 131
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Molecular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- glucocorticoids, glucocorticoid receptor, autoimmunity, immunosuppression, anti-inflammatory mechanism, apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines, hematopoietic cells, novel therapeutic targets, glucocorticoid adverse effects
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Glucocorticoids, T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer, Humans, Interferon Type I, Lymphocyte Activation, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Signal Transduction, Autoimmunity, STAT Transcription Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
