Cortisol and depression: three questions for psychiatry
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cortisol plays a multifaceted role in major depression disorder (MDD). Diurnal rhythms are disturbed, there is increased resistance to the feedback action of glucocorticoids, excess cortisol may induce MDD, basal levels may be higher and the post-awakening cortisol surge accentuated in those at risk for MDD. Does this suggest new avenues for studying MDD or its clinical management? METHOD: The relevant literature was reviewed. RESULTS: Cortisol contributes to genetic variants for the risk for MDD and the way that environmental events amplify risk. The corticoids' influence begins prenatally, but continues into adulthood. The impact of cortisol at each phase depends not only on its interaction with other factors, such as psychological traits and genetic variants, but also on events that have, or have not, occurred previously. CONCLUSIONS: This review suggests that the time is now right for serious consideration of the role of cortisol in a clinical context. Estimates of cortisol levels and the shape of the diurnal rhythm might well guide the understanding of subtypes of MDD and yield additional indicators for optimal treatment. Patients with disturbed cortisol rhythms might benefit from restitution of those rhythms; they may be distinct from those with more generally elevated levels, who might benefit from cortisol blockade. Higher levels of cortisol are a risk for subsequent depression. Should manipulation of cortisol or its receptors be considered as a preventive measure for some of those at very high risk of future MDD, or to reduce other cortisol-related consequences such as long-term cognitive decline?
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Changes in diurnal rhythms of cortisol are well known to occur in some cases of major depressive disorder and can vary according to time of sampling.
“Since changes in diurnal rhythms of cortisol are well known to occur in some cases of MDD 40 and can vary according to time of sampling, 3”
From Can physical exercise modulate cortisol level in subjects with depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [40]
Cortisol and the activity of the HPA axis play a central role in the onset and maintenance of stress-related psychological illnesses such as depression and anxiety disorders.
“There are large inter-individual differences in the cortisol response to stress, and it has been proposed that cortisol and the activity of the HPA axis play a central role in the onset and maintenance of stress-related psychological illnesses such as depression and anxiety disorders (Faravelli et al., 2012;Herbert, 2013;Morris et al., 2012).”
From Cortisol Response to Stress: The Role of Expectancy and Anticipatory Stress Regulation (2020) · cites this paper as Herbert, 2013
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- Authors
- Herbert, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Herbert, J.
- ORCID
- Herbert, J.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-05-08
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 449-469
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2000970089
- Cited by
- 301
- References
- 243
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- cortisol, major depressive disorder, diurnal cycle, glucocorticoid resistance, genetic risk variants, depression subtypes, depression prevention, cognitive decline, glucocorticoid receptor
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antidepressive Agents, Brain, Circadian Rhythm, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Major Depressive Disorder, Disease Susceptibility, Hormone Antagonists, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Psychiatry, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, Stress, Psychological, Temperament, Mifepristone, Gene Expression, Treatment Outcome, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Chronobiology Disorders, Neurogenesis, Gene-Environment Interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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