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Minireview: Endocrine Disruptors: Past Lessons and Future Directions
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Within the past few decades, the concept of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has risen from a position of total obscurity to become a focus of dialogue, debate, and concern among scientists, physicians, regulators, and the public.The emergence and development of this field of study has not always followed a smooth path, and researchers continue to wrestle with questions about the low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses seen with EDCs, their biological mechanisms of action, the true pervasiveness of these chemicals in our environment and in our bodies, and the extent of their effects on human and wildlife health.This review chronicles the development of the unique, multidisciplinary field of endocrine disruption, highlighting what we have learned about the threat of EDCs and lessons that could be relevant to other fields.It also offers perspectives on the future of the field and opportunities to better protect human health.(Molecular Endocrinology 30: 833-847, 2016) O ver the past half-century, the concept of endocrine- disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has risen from total obscurity to become nearly a household term.A 2012 Endocrine Society statement defined endocrine disruptors as "an exogenous chemical, or mixture of chemicals, that can interfere with any aspect of hormone action" (1).These chemicals can bind to the body's endocrine receptors to activate, block, or alter natural hormone synthesis and degradation by a plethora of mechanisms resulting in "false" or abnormal hormonal signals that can increase or inhibit normal endocrine functioning (Figure 1).Scientific understanding of EDCs has undergone a remarkable evolution.In 1958, Roy Hertz presaged the idea that certain chemicals, then used in livestock feedlots, could find their way into people's bodies and mimic the activity of hormones (2).Little came of the idea until the 1970s, when physicians and researchers began to link certain chemicals with rare cancers and reproductive effects in humans and wildlife.Unfortunately, as our
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“Although it is impossible to perform experimental studies in humans, evidence from epidemiological, molecular toxicology and animal studies provide compelling evidence of adverse developmental effects and transgenerational toxicity [172,190,192,199].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [192]
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“The identification of more than 1000 EDC in food, air, water, pesticides, plastics, personal care products, and other consumer goods, raises specific concerns for pregnant women and women with increased susceptibility to metabolic diseases such as PCOS [36,172,192,193,194].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [192]
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“Anthropomorphic chemical exposure is ubiquitous in the environment and has possible effects on many aspects related to women’s health and PCOS [36,190,191,192].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [192]
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Cites
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Self-citationEvidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years.
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Wang, Y., & Qian, H. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9050603 · Cited by 633
Sex determination, gonadal sex differentiation, and plasticity in vertebrate species
Nagahama, Y., Chakraborty, T., Paul‐Prasanth, B., Ohta, K., & Nakamura, M. (2020) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00044.2019 · Cited by 361
Early-Life Environmental Exposures and Childhood Obesity: An Exposome-Wide Approach
Vrijheid, M., Fossati, S., Maître, L., Márquez, S., Roumeliotaki, T., Agier, L., Andrušaitytė, S., Cadiou, S., Casas, M., de Castro, M., et al. (2020) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp5975 · Cited by 262
Street, M. E., Angelini, S., Bernasconi, S., Burgio, E., Cassio, A., Catellani, C., Cirillo, F., Deodati, A., Fabbrizi, E., Fanos, V., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19061647 · Cited by 272
Overview of Cadmium Thyroid Disrupting Effects and Mechanisms
Djordjević, A. B., Matović, V., Antonijević, B., Bulat, Z., Ćurčić, M., Renieri, E. A., Tsatsakis, A. M., Schweitzer, A., & Wallace, D. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19051501 · Cited by 204
Metadata
- Authors
- Schug, T. T., Johnson, A. F., Birnbaum, L. S., Colborn, T., Guillette, L. J., Crews, D. P., Collins, T., Soto, A. M., vom Saal, F. S., McLachlan, J. A., Sonnenschein, C., & Heindel, J. J.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- 2MDB, Inc (A.F.J.), Durham, North Carolina 27713
- The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (T.Colb.), Paonia, Colorado 81428
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department (F.S.v.S.),University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Tulane University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schug, Thaddeus T.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular Endocrinology
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2016-08-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 833-847
- ISSN
- 0888-8809 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9917
- PMC
- PMC4965846
- OpenAlex
- W2503753278
- Semantic Scholar
- 8e45965fd73ceb54f9dcc2b0d62c84443a703b96
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1051623)
- Avon Foundation for Women
- Heinz Endowments
- National Institutes of Health (5r01es020662-05)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01-ES020662, R01ES008314, R56ES020662, R01ES023254)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Keywords
- endocrine disruptors, low-dose effects, non-monotonic dose-response, mechanism of action, environmental exposure, human health effects, hormone action, endocrine receptors, reproductive effects, cancer, regulatory policy
- MeSH terms
- Bisphenol A Compounds, Animals, Benzhydryl Compounds, Hormones, Humans, Phenols, Reproduction, Signal Transduction, Epigenesis, Genetic, Endocrine Disruptors
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