Exposure of the U.S. Population to Bisphenol A and 4- tertiary -Octylphenol: 2003–2004
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Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-tertiary-octylphenol (tOP) are industrial chemicals used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins (BPA) and nonionic surfactants (tOP). These products are in widespread use in the United States. Objectives: We aimed to assess exposure to BPA and tOP in the U.S. general population. Methods: We measured the total (free plus conjugated) urinary concentrations of BPA and tOP in 2,517 participants ≥ 6 years of age in the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution–high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results: BPA and tOP were detected in 92.6% and 57.4% of the persons, respectively. Least square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of BPA were significantly lower in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic blacks (p = 0.006) and non-Hispanic whites (p = 0.007); LSGM concentrations for non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites were not statistically different (p = 0.21). Females had statistically higher BPA LSGM concentrations than males (p = 0.043). Children had higher concentrations than adolescents (p < 0.001), who in turn had higher concentrations than adults (p = 0.003). LSGM concentrations were lowest for participants in the high household income category (> $45,000/year). Conclusions: Urine concentrations of total BPA differed by race/ethnicity, age, sex, and household income. These first U.S. population representative concentration data for urinary BPA and tOP should help guide public health research priorities, including studies of exposure pathways, potential health effects, and risk assessment.
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According to 2003-04 NHANES data, detectable levels of urinary BPA were found in over 92% of people 6 years of age or older sampled in USA.
“According to 2003–04 NHANES data, detectable levels of urinary BPA were found in over 92% of people 6 years of age or older sampled in USA [ 127 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [127]
Urinary BPA levels were highest among children.
“Alarmingly, levels were highest among children [ 127 ].”
From DNA methylation: a mechanism linking environmental chemical exposures to risk of autism spectrum disorders? (2016) · cites this paper as [127]
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- Authors
- Calafat, A. M., Ye, X., Wong, L.-Y., Reidy, J. A., & Needham, L. L.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Calafat, Antonia M.
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2007-10-24
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 39-44
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC2199288
- OpenAlex
- W2067753015
- Cited by
- 1,743
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 139 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 147 · 2013: 131 · 2012: 93
- FWCI
- 38.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- bisphenol A, urinary biomonitoring, human exposure assessment, polycarbonate plastics, nonionic surfactants, racial and ethnic differences, sex differences, age differences, household income, NHANES
- MeSH terms
- Bisphenol A Compounds, Adolescent, Adult, Benzhydryl Compounds, Child, Demography, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Pollutants, Estrogens, Non-Steroidal, Female, Humans, Income, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Phenols, United States
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