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Memory‐related neural systems in Alzheimer's disease: An anatomic study
Abstract
In the primate brain, there are strong connections among the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampal formation, and the amygdala, 3 structures of the ventromedial temporal lobe that are related to memory function. Because memory impairment is a central feature of Alzheimer's disease, we examined the probable cells of origin and terminal zones of these connections in the brains of humans affected by the disease, using thioflavine S, Alz-50, and anti-A4 amyloid protein immunocytochemistry. Specific cytoarchitectural areas and lamina that give rise to projections from the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampal formation, and the amygdala consistently contained neurofibrillary tangles. The terminal zones of many of these projections contained neuritic plaques, Alz-50-positive neuritic alterations, and A4 deposition. Other cytoarchitectural areas and lamina, sometimes immediately adjacent, were consistently spared from these Alzheimer changes. This pattern of Alzheimer-related alterations would disrupt projections among the entorhinal cortex, hippocampal formation, and amygdala at multiple sites, and also disrupt projections between these structures and cortical and subcortical targets. In functional terms, this pattern of structural damage is likely to be as devastating as bilateral destruction of the ventromedial temporal lobe, and thus contribute substantially to the memory disorder seen in this condition.
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“Indeed, according to Hyman et al. [29], [30], the episodic memory deficit in AD patients results from the anatomical and functional segregation of the hippocampus from associative sensory inputs due to degeneration of the perforant pathway.”
From Atrophy of presubiculum and subiculum is the earliest hippocampal anatomical marker of Alzheimer's disease (2015) · cites this paper as [29]
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“The hippocampus also has direct connectivity with the amygdala (Canteras and Swanson 1992), prefrontal cortices (Burwell and Amaral 1998), ventral striatum (Hyman et al. 1990), and thalamus (Morgane et al.”
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“The selection of hippocampus for study by qPCRwas based on its high susceptibility to the disease (Bouras et al., 1994; Hof et al., 1992; Hyman et al., 1990; Lewis et al., 1987; Morrison et al., 1987).”
The entorhinal cortex plays a role in extinction
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“Accordingly, in AD in the general population the early degeneration of the hippocampi and amygdalae is thought to underlie the memory impairments that are typical of (and occur early in) the disorder (e.g. Hyman et al. 1990).”
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“The pathways involved in the transactions between CA1, BLA, and entorhinal and parietal cortex should, in principle, include the well-known connections among them: the entorhinal cortex sends and receives fibers from CA1 and the amygdala and the posterior parietal cortex (Hyman et al., 1990).”
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Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 is associated with atrophy of the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease
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“Since the site of the earliest and most severe pathology in AD is the medial temporal lobe [3] [13], MRI studies of AD have focused on medial temporal structures—in particular hippocampus and amygdala.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hyman, B. T., Hoesen, G. W. V., & Damasio, A. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- ORCID
- Hyman, B. T.
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 1990-11
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1721-1721
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2160683996
- Cited by
- 449
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 16.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG-08487)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P0 NS 19632, R01NS014944, NS-14944)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, memory impairment, entorhinal cortex, hippocampal formation, amygdala, neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plaques, thioflavine S
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Amygdala, Brain, Hippocampus, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Memory, Middle Aged, Neurofibrils, Temporal Lobe
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