Hippocampal and striatal gray matter volume are associated with a smoking cessation treatment outcome: results of an exploratory voxel-based morphometric analysis
Abstract
Rationale Compared to nonsmokers, smokers exhibit a number of potentially important differences in regional brain structure including reduced gray matter (GM) volume and/or density in areas including frontal and cingulate cortices, thalamus, and insula. However, associations between brain structure and smoking cessation treatment outcomes have not been reported.Objectives In the present analysis we sought to identify associations between regional GM volume--as measured by voxel-based morphometry (VBM)--and a smoking cessation treatment outcome (point prevalence abstinence at 4 weeks).Methods Adult smokers underwent high-resolution anatomical MRI scanning prior to an open label smoking cessation treatment trial. VBM was conducted in SPM5 using the DARTEL algorithm and relapser vs. quitter groups were compared using independent sample t tests (p < 0.001, uncorrected). Analyses controlled for potentially confounding factors including years smoked, cigarettes per day, total intracranial volume (TIV), and sex.Results Of 18 smokers, 8 achieved a 4-week point prevalence abstinence, confirmed by CO level (<or=8 ppm). After controlling for all covariates, compared to relapsers, quitters had significantly higher GM volume in the left putamen and right occipital lobe, while also significantly lower GM volume in bilateral hippocampus and right cuneus.Conclusions These preliminary results suggest that maintaining smoking abstinence is associated with higher pre-quit brain volume in regions that subserve habit learning and visual processing, and lower brain volume in regions that subserve long-term memory processes and visual information processing. Future, large-scale studies can determine whether brain structure variables can serve as clinically useful predictors of smoking cessation treatment outcome.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A follow-up study observed that hippocampal volume could be correlated with successful quit attempts.
“In addition, a follow-up study observed that hippocampal volume could be correlated with successful quit attempts (Froeliger et al, 2010).”
From Divergent Functional Effects of Sazetidine-A and Varenicline During Nicotine Withdrawal (2013) · cites this paper as Froeliger et al, 2010
Hippocampal volume has been shown to predict smoking cessation treatment outcomes.
“hippocampal volume has been shown to predict smoking cessation treatment outcomes (Froeliger et al, 2010).”
From Divergent Functional Effects of Sazetidine-A and Varenicline During Nicotine Withdrawal (2013) · cites this paper as Froeliger et al, 2010
Cites
A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm
Ashburner, J. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007 · Cited by 8,122 · see citing works
Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.110 · Cited by 5,340 · see citing works
Evaluation of 14 nonlinear deformation algorithms applied to human brain MRI registration
Klein, A., Andersson, J., Ardekani, B. A., Ashburner, J., Avants, B., Chiang, M.-C., Christensen, G. E., Collins, D. L., Gee, J., Hellier, P., et al. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.037 · Cited by 2,227 · see citing works
Squire, L. R. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-70094-1_32 · Cited by 2,126 · see citing works
A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes
Tiffany, S. T. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.2.147 · Cited by 1,554 · see citing works
Packard, M. G., & McGaugh, J. L. (1996) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1006/nlme.1996.0007 · Cited by 1,505 · see citing works
Cocaine cues and dopamine in dorsal striatum: mechanism of craving in cocaine addiction
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Logan, J., Childress, A.-R., Jayne, M., Ma, Y., & Wong, C. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1544-06.2006 · Cited by 1,164 · see citing works
The Structure and Organization of Memory
Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B. J., & Musen, G. (1993) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.002321 · Cited by 1,121 · see citing works
Strafella, A. P., Paus, T., Barrett, J., & Dagher, A. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-15-j0003.2001 · Cited by 1,058 · see citing works
Packard, M. G., Hirsh, R., & White, N. M. (1989) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.09-05-01465.1989 · Cited by 971 · see citing works
Hippocampal synaptic transmission enhanced by low concentrations of nicotine
Gray, R. G. F., Rajan, A. S., Radcliffe, K. A., Yakehiro, M., & Dani, J. A. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/383713a0 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
Koolschijn, P. C. M. P., van Haren, N. E. M., Lensvelt‐Mulders, G. J. L. M., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., & Kahn, R. S. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20801 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Levin, E. D., McClernon, F. J., & Rezvani, A. H. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0164-7 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
Self-citationFirst lapses to smoking: Within-subjects analysis of real-time reports.
Shiffman, S., Paty, J. A., Gnys, M., Kassel, J. A., & Hickcox, M. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.64.2.366 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
First lapses to smoking: Within-subjects analysis of real-time reports.
Shiffman, S. S., Paty, J. A., Gnys, M., Kassel, J. A., & Hickcox, M. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.2.366 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Strafella, A., Paus, T., Fraraccio, M., & Dagher, A. (2003) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awg268 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Gr�sser, S. M., Wrase, J., Klein, S., Hermann, D., Smolka, M. N., Ruf, M., Weber-Fahr, W., Flor, H., Mann, K., Braus, D. F., et al. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1828-4 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
The Effects of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine on Cognition and the Brain
Swan, G. E., & Lessov‐Schlaggar, C. N. (2007) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9035-9 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Benwell, M. E. M., Balfour, D. J. K., & Anderson, J. M. (1988) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb10600.x · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Canteras, N. S., & Swanson, L. W. (1992) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.903240204 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Fuchs, R. A., Evans, K. A., Ledford, C. C., Parker, M. P., Case, J. M., Mehta, R. H., & See, R. E. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300579 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Context-induced relapse to drug seeking: a review
Crombag, H. S., Bossert, J. M., Koya, E., & Shaham, Y. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0090 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain/limbic midbrain
Morgane, P. J., Galler, J. R., & Mokler, D. J. (2005) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.01.001 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Binding Sites in the Brain: Regulation in Vivo
Schwartz, R. D., & Kellar, K. J. (1983) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6828889 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Effects of chronic nicotine infusion on tolerance development and nicotinic receptors
Marks, M. J., Burch, J. B., & Collins, A. C. (1983) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)21831-6 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Bestmann, S., Baudewig, J., Siebner, H. R., Rothwell, J. C., & Frahm, J. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03277.x · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Memory‐related neural systems in Alzheimer's disease: An anatomic study
Hyman, B. T., Hoesen, G. W. V., & Damasio, A. R. (1990) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.40.11.1721 · Cited by 449 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The hippocampus also has direct connectivity with the amygdala (Canteras and Swanson 1992), prefrontal cortices (Burwell and Amaral 1998), ventral striatum (Hyman et al. 1990), and thalamus (Morgane et al.”
BackgroundDrug Addiction and the Memory Systems of the Brain
Robbins, T. W., Ersche, K. D., & Everitt, B. J. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1441.020 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers.
Jacobsen, L. K., Krystal, J. H., Mencl, W. E., Westerveld, M., Frost, S. J., & Pugh, K. R. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.022 · Cited by 393 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These differences in regional brain structure may potentially provide a neurobiological explanation for smoker–nonsmoker differences on a range of variables including cognitive functioning (Ernst et al. 2001; Jacobsen et al. 2005), impulsivity (Spinella 2002; Yakir et al.”
BackgroundDifferences between smokers and nonsmokers in regional gray matter volumes and densities
Brody, A. L., Mandelkern, M. A., Jarvik, M. E., Lee, G. S., Smith, E. C., Huang, J. C.-S., Bota, R. G., Bartzokis, G., & London, E. D. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00610-3 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Smoking and structural brain deficits: a volumetric MR investigation
Gallinat, J., Meisenzahl, E., Jacobsen, L. K., Kalus, P., Bierbrauer, J., Kienast, T., Witthaus, H., Leopold, K., Seifert, F., Schubert, F., et al. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05050.x · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Personality and smoking status: A meta-analysis
Munafo, M. R., Zetteler, J., & Clark, T. G. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701188851 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Cue-Induced Brain Activity Changes and Relapse in Cocaine-Dependent Patients
Kosten, T. R., Scanley, B. E., Tucker, K. A., Oliveto, A. H., Prince, C. N., Sinha, R., Potenza, M. N., Skudlarski, P., & Wexler, B. E. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300851 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Dickerson, B. C., Fenstermacher, E., Salat, D. H., Wolk, D. A., Maguire, R. P., Desikan, R., Pacheco, J., Quinn, B. T., Van der Kouwe, A., Greve, D. N., et al. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.042 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Bergouignan, L., Marie Chupin, A., Czechowska, Y., Kinkingnéhun, S., Lemogne, C., Bastard, G. L., Lepage, M., Garnero, L., Olivier Colliot, A., & Fossati, P. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.11.006 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Neural substrates of conditioned-cued relapse to drug-seeking behavior
See, R. E. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00682-7 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
McClernon, F. J., Kozink, R. V., Lutz, A. M., & Rose, J. E. (2009) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1436-9 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationMorra, J. H., Tu, Z., Apostolova, L. G., Green, A. E., Avedissian, C., Madsen, S. K., Parikshak, N., Toga, A. W., Jack, C. R., Schuff, N. W., et al. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.10.043 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Amygdala Volume Associated With Alcohol Abuse Relapse and Craving
Wrase, J., Makris, N., Braus, D. F., Mann, K. F., Smolka, M. N., Kennedy, D. N., Caviness, V. S., Hodge, S. M., Tang, L., Albaugh, M. D., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07121877 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Molecular Genetics of Successful Smoking Cessation
Uhl, G. R., Liu, Q., Drgon, T., Johnson, C., Walther, D. M., Rose, J. E., David, S. P., NIAURA, R. S., & Lerman, C. E. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.65.6.683 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning to find your way: a role for the human hippocampal formation
Maguire, E. A., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. (1996) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1996.0255 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Smolka, M. N., Bühler, M., Klein, S., Zimmermann, U., Mann, K., Heinz, A., & Braus, D. F. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0080-x · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Corticohippocampal Contributions to Spatial and Contextual Learning
Burwell, R. D., Saddoris, M. P., Bucci, D. J., & Wiig, K. A. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0410-04.2004 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Regional Gray Matter Abnormalities in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study
Valente, A. A., Miguel, E. C., de Castro, C. C., Amaro, E., Duran, F., Buchpiguel, C. A., Chitnis, X. A., McGuire, P. K., & Busatto, G. F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.021 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
McClernon, F. J., Kozink, R. V., & Rose, J. E. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301618 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationAge-related gray matter volume changes in the brain during non-elderly adulthood
da Costa, D. T., Schaufelberger, M. S., Duran, F., Zanetti, M. V., Curiati, P. K., Menezes, P. R., Scazufca, M., Amaro, E., Leite, C. C., & Busatto, G. F. (2009) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.02.008 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Effect of nicotine on brain activation during performance of a working memory task
Monique Ernst, D., Matochik, J. A., Heishman, S. J., Horn, J. D. V., Jons, P. H., Henningfield, J. E., & London, E. D. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.061369098 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Multi-modal imaging predicts memory performance in normal aging and cognitive decline
Walhovd, K. B., Fjell, A. M., Dale, A. M., McEvoy, L. K., Brewer, J. B., Karow, D. S., Salmon, D. P., & Fennema‐Notestine, C. (2008) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.08.013 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
See, R. E., Elliott, J. C., & Feltenstein, M. W. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0850-8 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Almeida, O. P., Garrido, G. J., Lautenschlager, N. T., Hulse, G. K., Jamrozik, K. D., & Flicker, L. A. (2007) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e318157cad2 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Matsuyama, S., Matsumoto, A., Enomoto, T., & Nishizaki, T. (2000) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00259.x · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Reliability of in vivo volume measures of hippocampus and other brain structures using MRI
Bartzokis, G., Mintz, J., Marx, P., Osborn, D., Gutkind, D., Chiang, F., Phelan, C., & Marder, S. R. (1993) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/0730-725x(93)90218-3 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Gilbert, A. R., Mataix‐Cols, D., Almeida, J., Lawrence, N., Nutche, J. J., Diwadkar, V. A., Keshavan, M. S., & Phillips, M. L. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.12.223 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Anatomical MRI study of basal ganglia in bipolar disorder patients
Brambilla, P., Harenski, K. A., Nicoletti, M., Mallinger, A. G., Frank, E., Kupfer, D. J., Keshavan, M. S., & Soares, J. C. (2001) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(01)00073-7 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
A psychometric evaluation of cigarette stimuli used in a cue reactivity study
Carter, B., Robinson, J. D., Lam, C. Y., Wetter, D. W., Tsan, J. Y., Day, S. X., & Cinciripini, P. M. (2006) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200600670215 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Putaminal gray matter volume decrease in panic disorder: an optimized voxel‐based morphometry study
Yoo, H. K., Kim, M. J., Kim, S. J., Sung, Y. H., Sim, M., Lee, Y. S., Song, S. Y., Kee, B. S., & Lyoo, I. K. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04394.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
McClernon, F. J., Hiott, F. B., Liu, J., Salley, A. N., Behm, F. M., & Rose, J. E. (2007) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00075.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citationRegional cerebral blood flow and plasma nicotine after smoking tobacco cigarettes
Domino, E. F. (2003) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.10.011 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Correlations between orbitofrontal dysfunction and tobacco smoking
Spinella, M. (2002) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1080/1355621021000005964 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Durazzo, T. C., Gazdzinski, S. P., Yeh, P., & Meyerhoff, D. J. (2008) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agn078 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of neurological soft signs in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenia
Venkatasubramanian, G., Jayakumar, P. N., Gangadhar, B. N., & Keshavan, M. S. (2008) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.12.021 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Regional Brain Activity Correlates of Nicotine Dependence
Rose, J. E., Behm, F. M., Salley, A. N., Bates, J. E., Coleman, R. E., Hawk, T. C., & Turkington, T. G. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301379 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationMacrophage and microglia-like cells in the avian inner ear
Bhave, S. A., Oesterle, E. C., & Coltrera, M. D. (1998) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980824)398:2 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Why do young women smoke? III. Attention and impulsivity as neurocognitive predisposing factors☆
Yakir, A., Rigbi, A., Kanyas, K., Pollak, Y., KAHANA, G., Karni, O., Eitan, R., Kertzman, S., & Lerer, B. (2006) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.09.004 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Nicotine and Hippocampus-Dependent Learning: Implications for Addiction
Gould, T. J. (2006) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1385/mn:34:2:93 · Cited by 61 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nicotine withdrawal impairs hippocampaldependent memory processes, whereas acute nicotine administration restores it, and these effects are thought to occur via nicotine’s modulation of multiple neurotransmitter systems including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, glutamate, and dopamine (Gould 2006; Levin et al. 2006).”
BackgroundEmdad, R., Bonekamp, D., Söndergaard, H. P., Björklund, T., Agartz, I., Ingvar, M., & Theorell, T. (2006) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000090897 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hanlon, C. A., Owens, M. M., Joseph, J. E., Zhu, X., George, M. S., Brady, K. T., & Hartwell, K. J. (2016) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12171 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Divergent Functional Effects of Sazetidine-A and Varenicline During Nicotine Withdrawal
Turner, J. R., Wilkinson, D. S., Poole, R. L., Gould, T. J., Carlson, G. C., & Blendy, J. A. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.105 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
- Authors
- Froeliger, B., Kozink, R. V., Rose, J. E., Behm, F. M., Salley, A. N., & McClernon, F. J.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McClernon, F. Joseph
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2010-04-28
- Volume
- 210
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 577-583
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W2070158836
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 1.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K23DA017261)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
- Keywords
- smoking cessation, gray matter volume, hippocampus, striatum, putamen, smoking abstinence, relapse, habit learning, visual processing, long-term memory, cuneus, occipital lobe
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Corpus Striatum, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Recurrence, Tobacco Use Disorder, Smoking Cessation, Treatment Outcome, Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
