The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Alzheimer’s disease can be accurately diagnosed in very mildly impaired individuals
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The growing propensity to diagnose AD in individuals with very mild cognitive impairment increases the danger of false-positive diagnostic errors. Unfortunately, there is little systematically acquired information about the accuracy of the AD diagnosis in very mildly impaired patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of the diagnosis of AD in very mildly impaired patients and to identify objective measures that effectively distinguish these patients from elderly normal controls (NC). METHODS: Consecutive patients with Mini-Mental State Examination scores of > or = 24 who received a clinical diagnosis of AD were evaluated annually for at least 3 years. The initial diagnosis was verified or refuted by autopsy or by information obtained in subsequent evaluations. Initial neuropsychological test scores of verified AD patients were compared with those of NC subjects to identify effective diagnostic measures. RESULTS: The diagnosis of AD was confirmed in 98 of 110 (89%) very mildly impaired patients (33/36 by autopsy, 65/74 by disease progression). The diagnosis was inaccurate in 12 patients (11%): Seven were subsequently diagnosed with other neurologic disorders, and five were ultimately found to be normal. Neuropsychological measures of delayed recall, verbal fluency, and global cognitive status (i.e., Mattis Dementia Rating Scale) provided excellent sensitivity (> or = 96%) and specificity (> or = 93%) for differentiating between very mildly impaired AD patients and NC subjects. CONCLUSIONS: When comprehensive assessment procedures are employed, AD can be diagnosed with reasonably high accuracy in very mildly impaired individuals. However, the dementia evaluation should be repeated after approximately 1 year to ensure the accuracy of the initial diagnosis.
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“neuroradiological indexes of hippocampal atrophy [3], [4] and, consistent with the well-known role of the hippocampus in human declarative memory [5], episodic memory deficits [6], [7] are among the most powerful diagnostic indexes of AD from the very early phases, corresponding to the clinical condition of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI).”
From Atrophy of presubiculum and subiculum is the earliest hippocampal anatomical marker of Alzheimer's disease (2015) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Recent evidence suggests that in research settings comparable to those represented in the meta-analysis, accuracy of the clinical diagnosis is high. Specifically, a diagnostic accuracy around .90 has been reported in both clinical (e.g., Salmon et al., 2002) and community-based (e.g., Massoud et al., 1999) samples when verified against autopsy data.”
From Cognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis (2005) · cites this paper as Salmon et al., 2002
In the citing paper
“Semantic verbal fluency contributes to predict future cognitive and functional impairments in the elderly (Salmon et al., 2002; Amieva et al., 2005; Hodges et al., 2006; Aretouli et al., 2011), and predict the progression from MCI to AD (Saxton et al., 2004).”
From Graph analysis of verbal fluency test discriminate between patients with Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment and normal elderly controls (2014) · cites this paper as Salmon et al., 2002
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- Salmon DP Bondi MW. The neuropsychology of Alzheimer’s disease. In: Terry RD Katzman R Bick KL eds. Alzheimer’s disease. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press 1999: 39–56.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Automatic classification of MR scans in Alzheimer’s disease.
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“It has become increasingly clear that identifying and targeting the cognitive deficits that occur early in the course of the disease is critical to producing the maximum impact of treatment on cognitive function and quality of life (Salmon et al., 2002).”
BackgroundCognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis
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Metadata
- Authors
- Salmon, D. P., Thomas, R. G., Pay, M. M., Booth, A., Hofstetter, C. R., Thal, L. J., & Katzman, R.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2002-10-08
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1022-1028
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2051753984
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 7.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, San Diego
- National Institute on Aging (P50AG005131)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, diagnostic accuracy, false-positive diagnosis, diagnostic errors, neuropsychological assessment, delayed recall, verbal fluency, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale, autopsy confirmation, disease progression, dementia assessment
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Regression Analysis
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